The TPIAT outcomes were adversely impacted by older age and prolonged disease. In particular, islet mass is lower and risk of diabetes high in older patients with prolonged disease. This should be considered when counseling this subgroup of TPIAT recipients on expected outcomes.

Purpose We investigated axial length (AL) distributions in inherited retinal diseases (IRDs), comparing them with reference cohorts. Methods AL measurements from IRD natural history study participants were included and compared with reference cohorts (TwinsUK, Raine Study Gen2-20, and published studies). Comparing with the Raine Study cohort, formal odds ratios (ORs) for AL ≥ 26 mm or AL ≤ 22 mm were derived for each IRD (Firth's logistic regression model, adjusted for age and sex). Results Measurements were available for 435 patients (median age, 19.5 years). Of 19 diseases, 10 had >10 participants: ABCA4 retinopathy; CNGB3- and CNGA3 -associated achromatopsia; RPGR -associated disease; RPE65 -associated disease; blue cone monochromacy (BCM); Bornholm eye disease (BED); TYR - and OCA2 -associated oculocutaneous albinism; and GPR143 -associated ocular albinism. Compared with the TwinsUK cohort ( n = 322; median age, 65.1 years) and Raine Study cohort ( n = 1335; median age, 19.9 years), AL distributions were wider in the IRD groups. Increased odds for longer ALs were observed for BCM, BED, RPGR , RPE65 , OCA2 , and TYR ; increased odds for short AL were observed for RPE65 , TYR , and GPR143 . In subanalysis of RPGR -associated disease, longer average ALs occurred in cone–rod dystrophy ( n = 5) than rod–cone dystrophy ( P = 0.002). Conclusions Several diseases showed increased odds for longer AL (highest OR with BCM); some showed increased odds for shorter AL (highest OR with GPR143 ). Patients with RPE65 - and TYR -associated disease showed increased odds for longer and for shorter eyes. Albinism genes were associated with different effects on AL. These findings add to the phenotype of IRDs and may yield insights into mechanisms of refractive error development.

Aspergillus is a fungal genus found worldwide, which causes infection most commonly in the respiratory system and in other systems, including the central nervous system. Fungal species, such as Aspergillus fumigatus or flavus, are more common in immunocompromised patient populations, such as those taking immunosuppressants post-transplantation, those on long-term corticosteroids, or those with immunodeficiencies such as AIDS. In this paper, we describe a rare case of aspergillosis that occurred due to a history of taking corticosteroids to treat arthritis pain in a patient with type 2 diabetes. Given the rise in antifungal-resistant species and environmental changes, it is noteworthy for further research to be conducted on new treatment plans and the management of such fungal infections to prepare against opportunistic infections caused by Aspergillus in the future.

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