Statistical-based study using response surface methodology (RSM) was conducted to study the effects of process parameters towards biomass hydrogenation. Using Malaysian oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) fibres as feedstock, the central composite design (CCD) technique was employed and 18 runs were generated by CCD when four parameters (mass ratio of binary catalyst, hydrogen pressure, temperature and mass ratio of catalyst to feedstock) were varied with two center points to determine the effects of process parameters and eventually to get optimum ethylene glycol (EG) yield. RSM with quadratic function was generated for biomass hydrogenation, indicating all factors except temperature, were important in determining EG yield. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a high coefficient of determination (R2) value of >0.98, ensuring a satisfactory prediction of the quadratic model with experimental data. The quadratic model suggested the optimum EG yield should be >25 wt.% and the EG yield results were successfully reproduced in the laboratory.
Pyrenees crude oil containing high napthenic acids (NAs) content of more than 1.6 mg KOH/g oil was treated with methyltrimethylammonium methylcarbonate [N4441][MeCO3] as to reduce its acidity to the refinery permissible limit of 0.3 mg KOH/g oil. The treated crude oils are subjected to Emulsion Stability Test (EST) as to mimic the operating conditions of a desalter. The results indicate the electrostatic conditions can facilitate the recovery of the napthenate salts post neutralization with high recovery rate of more than 79.6% with basic sediments & water (BSW) to be 1.96%. The conductivity of the treated crude oil also was found to increase as a function of temperature. The ionic liquid mediated-deacidification of crude oil can be performed under existing desalting conditions should the recovery of the naphthenate salts is acceptable at 70%.
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