Debris flows are one of the most common geological disasters in mountainous areas (Iverson, 1997). The materials and water sources of debris flows mainly come from loose materials formed by shallow landslides or river sediment and runoff formed by rainfall. In recent decades, shallow landslides and debris flows have occurred frequently and may be associated with the persistently expanding climatic change in many areas of the world (Bagwari et al., 2021). In China, for instance, during the 10 years from 2010 to 2019, an average of approximately 830 catastrophic debris flow events was reported each year. These disasters seriously affect the safety of the lives and property of people in mountainous areas. Due to the catastrophic damage caused by debris flows, it is beneficial to predict the potential of debris flow occurrence in advance. However, one characteristic of debris flows is the abrupt way they occur, with limited precursory signals (Swanson & Swanston, 1976). The operational prediction of such events remains a very large challenge.The debris material formed by shallow landslides is one of the main sources of debris flows. Predicting the volume, occurrence time and location of shallow landslides is very important for the analysis of debris flow disasters and has an important influence on the scale of debris flow formation and the severity of the disaster. Previous studies have proposed a variety of empirical or theoretical approaches for predicting shallow landslides and slope instability (e.g.,
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