R ecently, the socio-economic development, from an industrial perspective has transformed a lot. This rapid change affects the pattern of living of every occupation. The nursing professional, in particular, is one among healthcare professionals that tends to get occupational stress physically and emotionallyfacing with patient's suffering, pain, and even death. 1 Additionally, advances in medical technology apparently create more expectations and demand for nursing services. 2 The nurse is socially alerted not only to adapt their competencies and attitudes but also to cope with the professional risks he/she is faced with. These could be a stem of anxiety, resignation, changing to another field of nursing service, or even stop nursing practice that impacts nursing system nationwide. The remaining nurses could develop job-induced stress and enhance mental impairment by 61.7%. 3 Apart from influencing personal health; job stress could impair work performance due to deterioration of decision-making skill which directly impacts service provision and operations. Moreover, job stress Abstract OBJECTIVE: to explore the factors associated with job stress among the ambulance nurses in nine zones of Bangkok Emergency Medical Service (EMS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Multistage random sampling was conducted between December 2015 and February 2016. Two hundred and forty-five ambulance nurses of network hospitals in nine zones of Bangkok EMS who had at least 40 hours EMS training and at least six months work experiences on ambulance were selected as study samples. A self-administered questionnaire with specific questions to explore variables such as socio-demographics, work characteristics, general well-being, employee engagement, role and social support was used. Job stress was evaluated using the Karasek's Job Demand-Control model (JCQ). The predictive factors influencing job stress were analyzed by using Chi-square and multiple logistic regressions. RESULTS: A total of 245 ambulance nurses were enrolled in the study. One third (33.5%) of ambulance nurses developed high work stress. A statistically significant association was observed between job stress and older age (OR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.89 -0.99), higher incomes (OR = 0.26, 95% CI: 0.09 -0.69), higher education level (OR = 4.17, 95% CI: 1.13 -15.47), more work experience (OR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.12 -0.88), perception of urgent task (OR = 8.00, 95% CI: 1.44 -44.73), poor general well-being (OR = 2.36, 95% CI : 1.00 -5.55), low superior support (OR = 12.50, 95% CI: 4.62 -33.78), low peer support (OR = 3.27, 95% CI: 1.30 -8.21), role ambiguity (OR = 12.45, 95% CI: 4.77 -32.51), and role conflict (OR = 14.48, 95% CI: 5.14 -40.82). CONCLUSION:The executive and nursing administrators should be aware of job strain among ambulance nurses particularly in the younger age group with less than 5 years of working experience. Specific training programs with supervision and peer support should be provided. Stress management should be commenced in nursing education. The clarity of role and duty ...
Background: Rice farmers face the risk of exposure to pesticide. Assessment of knowledge, self-efficacy, and outcome expectation to promote personal protective equipment (PPE) use is important. This study aimed to develop and validate a social cognitive theory-based scale that focuses on knowledge, selfefficacy, outcome expectation and behavior on pesticide exposure prevention for rice farmers. Methods:We used the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing Guide as a validation framework to assess validity evidence: content validity, structural validity, discriminative validity and internal consistency. Structural validity was examined using exploratory factor analysis. Internal consistency was examined using Cronbach's alpha values. Results:The content validity index scores ranged from 0.88 to 0.94 for four constructs. Exploratory factor analysis of social cognitive theory-based scale identified four factors that corresponded well with the four domains in social cognitive theory; namely knowledge, self-efficacy, outcome expectation and behavior. The Cronbach's alpha for knowledge (0.88), self-efficacy (0.97), outcome expectation (0.87) and behavior (0.93) subscales were acceptable. Conclusion:The social cognitive theory-based scale on knowledge, self-efficacy, outcome expectation and behaviors on pesticide exposure prevention showed acceptable psychometric properties with respect to responses from rice farmers. This scale may have usefulness for public health personnel to assess change in knowledge, self-efficacy, outcome expectation and behaviors over time in intervention research.
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