Terrorism financing and the ways in which it intersects with organised criminal activities including drug trafficking, arms trafficking, trafficking in persons/smuggling of migrants, and kidnapping-for-ransom is increasingly attracting the attention of scholars and the international community. What is less explored however are the ways by which cybercrime facilitates terrorism financing globally. This paper attempts to fill this gap by utilizing secondary data from international, regional and national organisations as well as scholarly articles on the subject through content analysis to explaining the nexus between cybercrime and terrorism financing with specific emphasis on Nigeria. Understanding the linkages between cybercrime and terrorism financing is important for developing effective policy measures aimed at preventing and mitigating the negative impacts of these innovative crimes. The analysis revealed the mysterious links between cybercrime and terrorism financing in terms of how the former is feeding the latter through multiple channels including supply of funds from proceeds of cybercrime, as well as by making funds transfer among terrorist groups easier. The paper also highlights potential vulnerabilities in Nigeria's critical infrastructure including computer systems and networks, computer programmes, and communication systems; defence, banking, energy, and oil and gas, as well as potential vulnerabilities among individual internet users and the private sector which may be exploited by cybercriminals in conjunction with terrorist groups in the country. It concludes by proffering some policy options including boosting partnerships between law enforcement, the academic community and the private sector towards understanding and reducing cybercrime and terrorism financing in Nigeria.
Private security companies through the services they provide complement the police in crime prevention, order maintenance, and general improvement of security in societies thereby contributing to sustainable national development. In order to fully benefit from their contribution and prevent them from engaging in illegal activities, states formulate and enforce policies that seek to regulate their activities. This paper examines the regulation of private guards companies in Nigeria using Abuja as its empirical core. The main aim is to promote understanding of how the private security industry is regulated and evaluate the effectiveness of the existing regulatory policy. Data for the paper were generated from in-depth interviews with the NSCDC (Nigeria Security and Civil Defence Corps), analysis of the policy for PSCs (private security companies), and a review of the annual performance report of the regulatory agency. The results revealed that the current system of PSC regulation is characterized by a lack of specialty classification of private security licences, limited regulatory scope with a focus on licensing of companies, lack of uniform standards on training, and high cost/difficulties in obtaining operational license. The paper concludes that the current regulatory setup for PSCs in Nigeria is ineffective and unsustainable and recommends an urgent review of the legal framework to alien its provisions with global standards and practices in the private security industry. keywordsPrivate security, equitable policing, regulatory policy, sustainable developmentThe role of private security companies (PSCs) in security provision and sustainable development is increasingly gaining recognition and acceptance in many countries. This is further propelled by the perceived or real increase in insecurity due to an upsurge of insurgency across the globe. PSCs through the wide range of services they provide (such as guard and patrol, security consultancy, training, and capacity development) not only contribute to the activity of making societies safe but also to national development (Bearpark and Schulz 2007;Gumedze 2007).To the extent that "peace and security" is at the base of the drive to sustainable development (Molomo 2009), and many institutions now share the responsibility for providing security (Johnston and Shearing 2003), it is important to examine the place of PSCs in the matter, particularly how their involvement in policing is regulated . In so doing, it is important to ask certain questions regarding the regulation of PSCs in Nigeria: What are the policies on regulation of
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