Amoebiasis, a disease of worldwide distribution, is endemic in tropical countries with suboptimal sanitation facilities. Isolated amoebic appendicitis (IAA) is regarded as a rare manifestation of the disease globally. Because there are no defined clinical features that distinguish IAA from bacterial appendicitis, diagnosis is usually dependent on histopathological examination. A 9-year retrospective study was undertaken to investigate the clinicopathological aspects of IAA. The main complaints were fever and abdominal pain. None of the patients had dysentery. The pre-operative clinical diagnosis was acute appendicitis and acute abdomen in 13 and 8 patients, respectively. In all cases the intra-operative diagnosis was acute appendicitis. Gross pathological appraisal revealed peritonitis and perforation in 19 and 17 cases, respectively. Histopathological examination of these appendices demonstrated appendiceal ulceration, transmural mixed inflammation, haematophagous amoebic trophozoites and necrosis in all cases. Vascular pathology comprised venous and capillary luminal plugging (11 cases), necrotising small vessel vasculitis (11 cases), thrombophlebitis of medium sized veins (9 cases) and arteritis with associated thrombosis (1 case). Organising fibrinopurulent peritonitis was present in 19 cases. Two appendices that appeared normal macroscopically demonstrated ulceration and inflammation that were confined to the mucosa and submucosa. All of 18 patients who were treated with metronidazole survived without further surgery, while three patients who were untreated succumbed to the disease. Appendicectomy, accurate histopathological appraisal thereof and optimal, timely management of IAA were critical to the favourable outcome in the present study.
Abstract"Double hit" lymphomas (DHLs) are now included as a distinct entity in the 2016 revised World Health Classification of lymphoid neoplasms under the rubric "High-grade B-cell lymphoma (HGBCL), with MYC and BCL2 and/or BCL6 translocations". While DHL/HGBCL with MYC and BCL2 translocations accounts for approximately 10% of all lymphomas with the phenotypic and immunophenotypic features of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), to date, the entity is unreported in children <12 years and in patients with AIDS. In reporting a DHL/HGBCL with MYC and BCL2 translocations in a 10 year old boy, we contextualize, for the first time, its occurrence and clinicopathological profile in the context of pediatric HIV infection and AIDS. In so doing, the defining features of DHL/ HGBCL with MYC and BCL2 translocations in the updated 2016 WHO classification are discussed. In addition, the clinicopathological features and therapeutic approaches in children and adults and related challenges thereof, are highlighted. Finally, the spectrum of AIDS-associated lymphomas in children and adults are tabulated and the associated diagnostic and therapeutic challenges are addressed briefly.Citation: Msimang MZ, Ramdial PK, Kuppusamy JB, Nargan K, Sheik-Gafoor MH (2017) anterior colonic resection with colo-anal anastomosis and covering ileostomy was successfully undertaken, but the patient developed sepsis and required a relaparotomy for resection of necrotic colonic tissue. On recovery he received radiotherapy and further chemotherapy, but responded poorly and demised from multi-organ failure. Pathological featuresGross features: The lower anterior resection specimen measured 38 × 8 cm ( Figure 1A) and contained a 14 × 9 × 7 cm exophytic, creamwhite, fleshy tumor ( Figure 1B) with hemorrhagic foci, 12 cm and 3 cm from the proximal and distal excision margins, respectively. The proximal and circumferential resection margins were tumor-free. The microscopic findings confirmed an ulcerative, invasive malignancy with transmural involvement and a diffusely infiltrative pattern ( Figure 1C). The pleomorphic tumor cells were large with scant eosinophilic cytoplasm, indistinct cell borders and large, vesicular nuclei with distinctive nuclear membranes and prominent nucleoli ( Figure 1D). Brisk mitotic activity was evident. Immunohistochemically, there was bright and diffuse CD45 (Figure 2A), CD20 ( Figure 2B), BCL2 ( Figure 2C), BCL6 ( Figure 2D) and CD10 ( Figure 2E) immunopositivity. In addition, there was patchy MUM-1 ( Figure 3A) and approximately 60%, variable nuclear and cytoplasmic C-MYC immunopositivity ( Figure 3B) and a Ki-67 proliferation index of >90% ( Figure 3C). T-lymphocyte and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase immunomarkers were negative. Epstein Barr virus (EBV)-encoded small RNA (EBER) positivity ( Figure 3D) was confirmed on chromogen in-situ hybridization investigation.
Ureteric involvement is described rarely in nephroblastoma, the most common pediatric renal tumor. This clinicopathological, descriptive retrospective study was conducted to elucidate the prevalence and histomorphological features of ureteric involvement by nephroblastoma. Of 454 nephroblastomas diagnosed in the 25-year study period, 32 displayed ureteric involvement; 21 and 11 demonstrated prolapse and invasion, respectively. The patient cohort had a mean age of 47.3 months and mainly advanced stage disease. Pre-operative radiological and intra-operative assessments identified ureteric involvement in 4 and 13 patients, respectively, but distinction between ureteric prolapse and invasion was not possible. Histopathological assessment of the primary renal tumor demonstrated exclusive triphasic histomorphology in all 32 nephroblastomas. Favorable histology, diffuse anaplasia and nephroblastomatosis were present in 28, 4 and 7 tumors, respectively. Re-appraisal of 17 post-treated tumors were classified by SIOP criteria as mixed(6), stromal(4), anaplastic(4) and regressive(3) types. The ureteric component displayed triphasic(11), biphasic(5) and monophasic(1) histomorphology. The staging profile of patients with ureteric prolapse was stages I(3), II(5), III(6), IV(6) and V(1). The staging profile of patients with ureteric invasion was stages I(0), II(2), III(3), IV(4) and V(2). Distant metastases were present in 10/32 patients. Follow-up of 32 patients confirmed 21 that were tumorfree, 7 with recurrent disease and 4 fatalities; of those that remained tumor-free, 11 had advanced disease. Even in advanced tumor stages, complete excision of the urinary tract tumor and optimal treatment of disseminated malignancy are pivotal to overall patient management and outcome.
Objective: Vulval tuberculosis (TB) is reported rarely. The histomorphological spectrum and diagnostic mimicry thereof in patients with concomitant HIV infection/ AIDS is unreported to date. This study aimed to appraise the histopathologic spectrum of vulval TB in HIV co-infected patients and to identify histopathological diagnostic challenges, mimicry and pitfalls.Methods: Ten year retrospective study that reappraised the histomorphological features of vulval TB in HIV-infected patients. Results:The clinical descriptions of the biopsied lesions from 19 patients that form the study cohort encompassed nodules (9), ulcers (5), hypertrophy/edema (3) and abscesses (2). The main microscopic features included necrotizing and non-necrotizing granulomatous inflammation, ulceration with a zoned inflammatory response and chronic suppurative inflammation. The necrotizing component had the typical morphology of caseative necrosis or of suppuration/karyorrhexis or an admixture of both necrosis types. Vasculitis, of varied histomorphology, was present in 15 biopsies. Infective special stains were pivotal diagnostic tools. The presence of mycobacteria on Ziehl Neelsen stains (ZNs) and absence of nonmycobacterial infective agents on additional infective stains, underpinned TB diagnosis, especially in biopsies that lacked prototypical granulomatous inflammation or of infective mimickers that manifest with a granulomatous phenotype. ZNs also confirmed mycobacteria in vasculitic foci. The absence of mycobacteria on ZNs facilitated the diagnosis of tuberculids. Conclusion:Lesions with a common clinical appearance had heterogeneous histomorphological features, while lesions with common histopathological features demonstrated divergent clinical morphology. Infective, especially Ziehl Neelsen, stains are pivotal in the histopathological work-up of infective/inflammatory vulval biopsies. It is possible that the rarely reported anergic mononuclear or abscessing features, pseudotumoral spindle cell reactions, ulcers with a zoned inflammatory response and the presence of vasculitis of varied type, are clues to the HIV-TB tissue partnership. Increased clinicopathological investigation of and reporting on vulval TB in the HIV/AIDS afflicted population is pivotal to ascertain this.
Background: Lymphoma is the second most common Acquired Human Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)-associated neoplasm, the commonest being Kaposi sarcoma. The diagnosis and treatment of bone lymphoma still remains a challenge in our environment.
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