The Boyongan and Bayugo porphyry Cu-Au mineral deposits, discovered under postmineralization cover during the previous decade, are part of an emerging belt of intrusion-centered Au-rich Cu mineral deposits and prospects in the Surigao district of northeast Mindanao, Philippines. Since their formation in the early Pleistocene, exhumation and weathering of these deposits have led to the development of a 600-m-thick oxidation profile at Boyongan and a modest (30-70 m) oxidation profile at Bayugo. Debris flows, volcanic material, and fluviolacustrine sediments accumulating in the actively extending Mainit graben subsequently covered the weathered deposits, preserving their supergene profiles.The mineral deposits formed in association with a composite diorite complex containing at least 12 discrete intrusive stages. Three premineralization diorite porphyry stocks and a silt-sand matrix breccia complex represent early stages of magmatism and brecciation. Significant Cu and Au introduction followed these events and occurred in association with small early-mineralization diorite porphyry stocks at Boyongan and Bayugo. Within the diorite complex, the two mineral deposits are spatially distinct, separated by approximately 1 km of premineralization diorites. Inter-and late-mineralization intrusions were emplaced as the magmatic-hydrothermal system waned.A characteristic progression of vein and K silicate alteration styles affected each of the synmineralization intrusions. Rare comb quartz unidirectional solidification textures (stage 0) mark the transition from magmatic to hydrothermal conditions. Quartz-poor wispy magnetite-biotite-K-feldspar veinlets characterize stage 1. Stage 2 veins consist of quartz with selvage and/or disseminated magnetite or biotite and K-feldspar halos. Stage 3 quartz veins have K-feldspar halos but generally lack magnetite and biotite. Stage 4 veins consist of massive bornite-chalcopyrite and chalcopyrite-pyrite with K-feldspar halos. Stage 3 quartz veins and stage 4 sulfide veins host Cu-Au mineralization of the greatest volumetric significance, reflecting the general paucity of sulfide in the earlier vein stages. Despite the simplicity of this sequence, detailed paragenetic reconstructions reveal that this characteristic progression of veining and K silicate alteration was repeated with the emplacement of each synmineralization intrusive event, revealing multiple magmatic-hydrothermal cycles of alteration and mineralization.At Boyongan and Bayugo, intense and pervasive illite alteration, in association with pyrite, chalcopyrite, and tetrahedrite-tennantite, developed in narrow structures crosscutting quartz-K-feldspar veins. Debris flows in the burial sequence above and adjacent to the Boyongan/Bayugo complex also contain abundant clasts with intense, pervasive illite and alunite-pyrophyllite-dickite-kaolinite alteration assemblages that have overprinted K silicate-style quartz veins.In both mineral deposits, Cu and Au are associated with intense quartz-vein stockworks composed primarily of K s...
BackgroundSerotonin’s role is multiple: controlling mood and sleep, modifying vascular resistance, modulating spinal segmental reflexes and nociception amongst others.Case reportWe present a family with three affected siblings, presenting with hemiplegic migraines, spinal cord atrophy, progressive lower limb weakness and spasticity, who were found to have profoundly low CSF 5HIAA levels (25, 14, 18 nmol/L, ref 87–189) and low platelet serotonin levels. Their motor function and strength greatly improved with 5-hydroxytrypotphan (5HTP)/carbidopa treatment.Platelet serotonin transporter function was diminished, and cytoskeletal aggregates were proven to keep membrane proteins in the non-soluble fractions. Whole exome sequencing revealed a novel variant in SRRM2 gene, supporting alternative splicing of many target genes. This protein is a component of the spliceosome and has multiple functions in the splicing process. It also plays an important role in pre-mRNA splicing and has a role in cell migration. Alternative splicing increases the complexity of mammalian transcriptomes since nearly all mammalian genes express multiple pre-mRNA isoforms. Full transcriptome analysis comparing RNA expression in two affected and one unaffected sibling revealed multiple differences in levels of RNA expression and splicing.ConclusionImprovement of motor function with 5HTP/carbidopa proves yet another important role of serotonin as a signalling molecule probably through its action on G-protein coupled receptors.
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