The aim of this study was to assess the effects of cold-water immersion (cryotherapy) on indices of muscle damage following a bout of prolonged intermittent exercise. Twenty males (mean age 22.3 years, s = 3.3; height 1.80 m, s = 0.05; body mass 83.7 kg, s = 11.9) completed a 90-min intermittent shuttle run previously shown to result in marked muscle damage and soreness. After exercise, participants were randomly assigned to either 10 min cold-water immersion (mean 10 degrees C, s = 0.5) or a non-immersion control group. Ratings of perceived soreness, changes in muscular function and efflux of intracellular proteins were monitored before exercise, during treatment, and at regular intervals up to 7 days post-exercise. Exercise resulted in severe muscle soreness, temporary muscular dysfunction, and elevated serum markers of muscle damage, all peaking within 48 h after exercise. Cryotherapy administered immediately after exercise reduced muscle soreness at 1, 24, and 48 h (P < 0.05). Decrements in isometric maximal voluntary contraction of the knee flexors were reduced after cryotherapy treatment at 24 (mean 12%, s(x) = 4) and 48 h (mean 3%, s(x) = 3) compared with the control group (mean 21%, s(x) = 5 and mean 14%, s(x) = 5 respectively; P < 0.05). Exercise-induced increases in serum myoglobin concentration and creatine kinase activity peaked at 1 and 24 h, respectively (P < 0.05). Cryotherapy had no effect on the creatine kinase response, but reduced myoglobin 1 h after exercise (P < 0.05). The results suggest that cold-water immersion immediately after prolonged intermittent shuttle running reduces some indices of exercise-induced muscle damage.
The pharmacokinetics of moxalactam were studied in 19 male volunteers 60 years of age or older with normal liver function tests and a creatinine clearance of 2 60 mlmin. Moxalactam was administered in single or multiple intravenous or intramuscular doses. Rapid and complete intramuscular bioavailability was demonstrated in a subgroup of the study population. The mean plasma half-life was 2.9 ± 0.8 h for intravenous doses and 3.5 ± 0.9 h for intramuscular doses. Average renal clearances of 0.04 liters/kg per h accounted for 74.0 ± 15.0% of total plasma clearance. Moxalactam plasma clearance showed a statistically significant (P < 0.01) correlation with measured and calculated creatinine clearance. The major differences in moxalactam pharmacokinetics seen in the elderly appear to be related to diminishing renal function and highly variable nonrenal elimination. Creatinine clearance can be used in estimating moxalactam doses in the elderly without significant renal impairment, but recommendations for the use of serum creatinine as an estimation of renal function or drug half-life are not valid in this population group.The pharmacokinetic properties of moxalactam, a 1-oxabeta-lactam antibiotic, have been studied in children (19,22,23), normal adults mostly under the age of 60 (7,11,15,21,24,26,28), and patients with renal disease (1-3, 12-14, 18, 29). Because moxalactam is primarily eliminated unchanged by the kidney, a decrease in renal function associated with disease or aging should lead to an alteration in the elimination of the drug. There is also a possibility that the volume of distribution may decrease with aging (9). This study was undertaken to characterize moxalactam pharmacokinetics in an elderly male population. Additionally, the drug was administered intravenously (IV) and intramuscularly (IM) in crossover fashion to a subgroup of the study population to characterize IM bioavailability. MATERIALS AND METHODSSubjects. Nineteen male volunteers between the ages of 60 and 74 years and weighing 51 to 108 kg (mean, 79 ± 19 kg) participated in the study. Informed consent was obtained from each subject. Inclusion in the study required normal liver function tests and a measured creatinine clearance of -60 ml/min. Creatinine clearance was determined by two or three 24-h urine collections. Subjects requiring systemic antimicrobial therapy were excluded.Design. Moxalactam was administered IV in 50 ml of 5% dextrose in water over 20 min in single doses of 250 or 500 mg and in multiple doses of 250 or 500 mg every 12 h for seven doses. Moxalactam was administered IM in single doses of 250 or 500 mg and in multiple doses of 250 or 500 mg every 12 h for seven doses. The IM doses were given in 2 ml (250-mg dose) or 3 ml (500-mg dose) of sterile water for injection. Those patients receiving both IV and IM moxalactam had a minimum of 48 h between drug courses.Venous blood samples for the assay of plasma concentrations of moxalactam were obtained at 0, 0.17, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h after the completion of the sin...
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