Background The pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines play an important role in the immune response against H. pylori infection. The proinflammatory cytokines of Th17 cells have been suggested to play a major role in H. pylori infection and resulting gastric inflammation. Objective The objective of this study was to compare the expression of selected inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, IL-17, IL-21, IL-23, and TNF-α) in H. pylori-infected patients and healthy controls and to understand their association with H. pylori infection and disease severity. Results The expression levels of IL-17 and IL-23 were significantly higher in H. pylori-infected patients. The expression of IL-21 was also higher in H. pylori-positive patients but there was no significant association with infection. IL-17 expression showed a significant increase with the severity of chronic gastritis. Conclusion The proinflammatory cytokine, IL-17, shows a significant association with H. pylori infection and disease severity in a Sri Lankan dyspeptic patient population.
ObjectiveThe study aimed to compare the usefulness of two staining methods for imprint cytology for diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection. Gastric biopsy specimens (from dyspeptic patients attending routine upper gastrointestinal endoscopy) were placed on glass slides to obtain imprints. The imprints were stained with Toluidine blue and Giemsa stains separately and observed under ×400 magnification using a light microscope. Imprinted biopsies were sectioned and stained with H & E stain and Giemsa stain for histological analysis. Diagnosis of H. pylori infection in both imprint and histological sections were confirmed by a consultant pathologist. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of each stain were calculated and benchmarked against histological diagnosis.ResultsOf the 55 dyspeptic patients enrolled in the study, 5 were positive for H. pylori by Toluidine blue stain and 4 by Giemsa stain. The sensitivity of Toluidine blue stain (57.1%) was higher than Giemsa stain (42.9%) while the specificity of both stains was equal (97.9%). Giemsa stain gave a better discrimination for identification of H. pylori bacteria among the mucosal background. Imprint cytology is a rapid, simple and cost effective diagnosis method that can supplement histological diagnosis.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s13104-018-3592-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Single nucleotide polymorphisms present on the promoter sequence of the TNF-α gene may affect production of TNF-α, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, during immune responses. The presence of TNF-α polymorphisms is also reportedly associated with more severe manifestations of Helicobacter pylori infection. However, the frequency of TNF-α polymorphisms and the associated disease severity vary between different patient groups. In this study, gastric biopsies and blood specimens were collected from 138 patients with dyspepsia undergoing routine upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Our institution's Ethics Review Committee approved the study and written informed consent was obtained from all participants. The presence of H. pylori was confirmed histologically in all patients. The frequency of TNF-α polymorphisms in the study cohort was investigated using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism and expression of serum TNF-α quantitated using a commercial ELISA assay. The proportions of selected TNF-α polymorphisms (TNF-α -238, -308 and -863) were similar in H. pylori-positive and -negative patients. Homozygous mutations of TNF-α polymorphisms were rarely detected in the study group. There was a significant difference in TNF-α concentrations between patients with mild chronic gastritis and TNF-α -308 GG genotype and patients with moderate to severe chronic gastritis (P = 0.008). It was not possible to identify an association between these genotypes and disease severity because of the low frequency of heterozygous and homozygous mutated genes in Sri Lankan patients with dyspepsia.
Background: Helicobacter pylori has been identified as a group I carcinogenic bacterium that infects the gastric mucosa leading to gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, lymphoma, and gastric cancer. Pathogenesis of H. pylori depends on the virulence of the strain, host immune response, and modulating factors like smoking and diet. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the association between selected human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles including HLA-DQA1*0102, HLA-DQA1*0103, and HLA-DQB1*0301, and the presence of H. pylori infection and disease severity among dyspeptic patients. Materials and Methods: Gastric tissue samples were collected from 100 dyspeptic patients, who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy at a tertiary care hospital. Presence of HLA alleles was confirmed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Helicobacter pylori infection was determined using PCR and Histology. The histological interpretation was done according to the 'Sydney classification.' Statistical analysis was done with SPSS version 22. Results: Respective percentages of HLA-DQA1*0102, HLA-DQA1*0103, and HLA-DQB1*0301 were 39%, 31%, and 20%, respectively. Of the 25 samples positive for H. pylori infection, 56% (14/25), 36% (9/25), and 12% (3/25) were positive for HLA-DQA1*0102, HLA-DQA1*0103, and HLA-DQB1*0301 alleles respectively. Considering the association with H. pylori infection, only HLA-DQA1*0102 showed significant association (P = .044). No significant association was found between the HLA alleles and the histological severity among the H. pylori infected patients. Conclusion: Investigation of immunogenetic factors contributing to susceptibility or resistance to H. pylori infection in Sri Lanka can provide an insight into understanding the risk of developing severe pathological complications among patients.
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