Highly selective β‐methylation of alcohols was achieved using an earth‐abundant first row transition metal in the air stable molecular manganese complex [Mn(CO)2Br[HN(C2H4PiPr2)2]] 1 ([HN(C2H4PiPr2)2]=MACHO‐iPr). The reaction requires only low loadings of 1 (0.5 mol %), methanolate as base and MeOH as methylation reagent as well as solvent. Various alcohols were β‐methylated with very good selectivity (>99 %) and excellent yield (up to 94 %). Biomass derived aliphatic alcohols and diols were also selectively methylated on the β‐position, opening a pathway to “biohybrid” molecules constructed entirely from non‐fossil carbon. Mechanistic studies indicate that the reaction proceeds through a borrowing hydrogen pathway involving metal–ligand cooperation at the Mn‐pincer complex. This transformation provides a convenient, economical, and environmentally benign pathway for the selective C−C bond formation with potential applications for the preparation of advanced biofuels, fine chemicals, and biologically active molecules
Esters and amides were mechanochemically prepared by palladium‐catalyzed carbonylative reactions of aryl iodides by using molybdenum hexacarbonyl as a convenient solid carbonyl source and avoiding a direct handling of gaseous carbon monoxide. Real‐time monitoring of the mechanochemical reaction by in situ pressure sensing revealed that CO is rapidly transferred from Mo(CO)6 to the active catalytic system without significant release of molecular carbon monoxide.
A mechanochemical palladium-catalyzed oxidative esterification of alcohols has been developed. The protocol allows a solvent-free synthesis of symmetric and unsymmetric esters from liquid and solid benzylic and aliphatic alcohols in up to excellent yields. Various green metrics for the developed protocol have been calculated and compared with those of solution-based protocols, highlighting the benefits of the mechanochemical approach.
Highly selective β‐methylation of alcohols was achieved using an earth‐abundant first row transition metal in the air stable molecular manganese complex [Mn(CO)2Br[HN(C2H4PiPr2)2]] 1 ([HN(C2H4PiPr2)2]=MACHO‐iPr). The reaction requires only low loadings of 1 (0.5 mol %), methanolate as base and MeOH as methylation reagent as well as solvent. Various alcohols were β‐methylated with very good selectivity (>99 %) and excellent yield (up to 94 %). Biomass derived aliphatic alcohols and diols were also selectively methylated on the β‐position, opening a pathway to “biohybrid” molecules constructed entirely from non‐fossil carbon. Mechanistic studies indicate that the reaction proceeds through a borrowing hydrogen pathway involving metal–ligand cooperation at the Mn‐pincer complex. This transformation provides a convenient, economical, and environmentally benign pathway for the selective C−C bond formation with potential applications for the preparation of advanced biofuels, fine chemicals, and biologically active molecules
A mechanochemical synthesis of diarylethynes from aryl iodides and calcium carbide as acetylene source is reported. The reaction is catalyzed by a palladium catalyst in the presence of copper salt, base and ethanol as liquid assisting grinding (LAG) additive. Various aryl and heteroaryl iodides have been converted in up to excellent yields.
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