Herpetofauna are unique creature which comprise both amphibians and reptiles. The present study was carried out on herpetofaunal diversity in Rupandehi and Arghakhanchi districts. Each of six sampling stations was conducted in the study areas. Ten standardized 10 x 200 m strip transects and 20-25 standard Quadrat sizes of 20 m x 20 m were set in each station. Observed museum specimens and questionnaire survey were also conducted during data collection. A total of 45 spe cies of herpetofauna was recorded with 9 species of amphibians) and 36 species of reptiles. Six species were from the family Ranidae, two species from Bufonidae and one speciesfrom Rhacophoridae. Lizards were represented by 11 species belonging to four different families. Each of Gekkonidae, Agamidae and Scincidae family was represented by 3 species and the Varanidae by two species. The family Crocodylidae was represented by one species. The order Testudines (turtles) was represented by 2 species from family trionychidae and bataguridae. Twenty two species of snakes were recorded from 6 different families. The amphibian species, namely; Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis, Zakerana nepalensis, Bufo melanostictus and B. stomaticusand reptile species Calotes versicolor were relatively abundant. Seven species of amphibians and18 species of reptiles were common in both districts. The study areas were diverse microhabitats due to the elevation from 71 m to 2004 m with plain, Churia and mountain range.
Gastrointestinal (GI) This study was conducted in agricultural field, forests, riparian and wetland habitats, and human habitats of six sampling sites in Palpa, Nepal, from May 2016 and April 2020. The purpose of the study was to document and measure the richness, abundance, and diversity of the reptile in this district. Data was collected randomly in these habitats of this district using quadrat, visual encounter, and opportunistic survey methods. For 100 quadrates for each site seasonally, 20 quadrats were placed in each habitat along 5 transects. In total, 554 individual species belonging to 9 families, 26 genera, and 34 species were recorded. The richness of reptiles species was high in the human habitat and forest (S= 25) but lower in wetland (S=6). The abundance was more in human habitat than in other habitats. Shannon diversity index (Hˈ) of reptile was 2.51 and 0.99 in forest and wetland respectively. Similarly, the Simpson index in reptiles (λ) was high in forest (0.87) and low in wetland (0.57). Pielou evenness (J) of individuals among the species was 0.29 in forest and 0.54 in wetland. The values indicate that the diversity of reptiles was higher in forest as compared to the wetland. This study aids the resources for additional research.
In rural areas of underdeveloped countries, the parasitic infestation is a major public health issue for children and the elderly. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of parasite infestations and risk variables related to Palpa parasitic infestations. The population sample was selected from the Tansen area's usual population, as determined by randomized cluster sampling. A total of 700 samples were collected, with 280 persons from urban regions and 420 from rural areas, for a total of 100 people from various categories in each health center. Data were collected for each person based on their age, gender, and place of residence (urban or rural), as well as through a semi-structured questionnaire and a personal interview. Each health center's laboratory technician team conducted the microscopic investigation of samples (blood, urine, and feces). Five protozoal and six helminth parasites were found among the 11 parasites, with eight kinds of gastrointestinal parasites and three species of blood parasites. The most frequent parasites were discovered to be Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, and Ascaris lumbricoides. Females and those who live in rural areas are more likely to be parasite-infested. Prevalence was highest among children under the age of 15 and the elderly. Administrators, health experts, and the community need to approve improvements in the living environment and cleaning practices to break the transmission cycle of parasitic illnesses, health education, and community approval.
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