New urban and economic development are transforming the fundamental nature and structure of China's cities. The distinctive patterns wrought by overlaying socialist ideals on the pre-1949 city are giving way to new forms reflecting the country's dynamic economic, social and political conditions. This article provides an analysis of the patterns and processes of change in urban form in contemporary Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou. Analysis of these rapidly changing cities highlights both the regional variation in urban development in China and the emergence of common trends in development and form. The article focuses on patterns of land-use specialisation, circulation and building height, and processes of planning, urban renewal and privatisation of the real estate market.
Although internal migration is one of the most frequently discussed aspects of China's twenty-first century urbanization, much of the research in this area emphasizes megacities. This paper, however, focuses on Wenzhou, a Chinese city that served as a national model for the introduction of small-scale private enterprise in the 1990s. Through a survey of migrants living in the subdistrict of Shuangyu, a settlement dominated by manufacturing workers, this article argues that socio-spatial segregation research should pay more holistic attention to migrants' use of urban space, beyond simply place of residence. Focusing on how migrants use space in several aspects of their everyday lives, this article contends that Shuangyu is socially and spatially segregated from other parts of the city. Rather than neatly incorporated into the rest of the city, migrant settlement in Wenzhou is both marginalized and independent. We thus theorize Shuangyu's place in Wenzhou's new socio-spatial structure as a "city within the city." ARTICLE HISTORY
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.. American Geographical Society is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Geographical Review.ABSTRACT. Beijing is being transformed from a socialist city of undifferentiated low-rise districts to an increasingly high-rise metropolis marked by areal specialization. This article examines the effects of recent urban planning, of industrial, commercial, and transportation development, and of housing construction on the morphology of the city. Elements of change include development zones, new residential areas, increasing motor-vehicle use, and emergence of a new central business district. The evolving form blends new urban-planning ideals, complex landuse and transportation patterns, and private and joint-venture initiatives with elements of traditional and socialist Chinese urbanism.Since the economic reforms of 1979 the physical representation of socialist ideology and state power imposed on Beijing during the Mao era has been transformed by ideological, economic, and social changes. Focusing on the rapid transformation of the urban landscape after 1979, this article examines urban-planning strategy and the effect of changes in industry, housing, commerce, and transportation on urban form. Traditional Chinese urban form and socialist urban structure continue to shape the city, despite rapid change that is bringing Beijing closer in form to cities in other developing countries. The data presented in this article were collected during fieldwork in 1992,1993, and 1994 as part of a study of recent urban planning and development in Beijing, Shanghai, Xiamen, and Guangzhou. TRADITIONAL BEIJINGBeijing is a venerable city steeped in the grandest of northern and imperial traditions. It has served as the national capital for much of the time since the founding of the Liao dynasty in the tenth century A.D. It has been a major regional political center from as early as the Warring States period (453-221 B.C.). City form in 1949 retained many patterns dating to the Ming dynasty (1368-1644) (Hou 1983). The street network and all monumental architecture were aligned with the cardinal directions to conform with Chinese geomancy, and massive crenellated walls bounded most of the site. The stone-faced walls enclosed two adjoining areas: a square imperial city on the north, which contained the walled palace complex as well as the homes and temples of the city's political elites; and * Research for this article was generously supported by a grant from the Committee on Scholarly Communication with China.
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