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The European Green Deal puts a healthy environment at the core of policy-making initiatives in the European Union (EU). Soil, due to its nature, is a central actor to be considered when developing and implementing actions in many areas, from biodiversity and agriculture to climate and pollution. New means for monitoring the impact of decisions taken in these sectors are needed. The Land Use and Coverage Area frame Survey (LUCAS modules of Soil Biodiversity and Pesticides provide both policy-makers and the research community with tools in this direction. The first component corresponds to the largest analysis of soil biodiversity across the EU through molecular biology techniques.The second component is the most extensive harmonised pan-European assessment of pesticide residues in agricultural soils. Specific features, together with policy and research potential of these instruments for achieving Green Deals targets under the Biodiversity 2030 Strategy, the Farm to Fork Strategy and the Zero Pollution Action Plan, are presented. All generated data are made available to the public through the EU Soil Observatory and European Soil Data Centre. Highlights• LUCAS Soil Biodiversity is a monitoring survey of biodiversity in the European Union.

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The purpose of this article is to make a review of hydrogeological information modeling objectives, techniques, and problems, and finally to propose a solution for data integration and transfer. Hydrogeological data and information management is crucial for efficient integrated water resources administration, protection, and exploitation. To assure an effective management of groundwater resources, a close cooperation and information exchange between different actors at different levels is necessary. The information flux must be optimized between local producers and potential users of hydrogeological data: regional and national institutions, as well as international and transboundary analysts and managers. The paper format of representation and exchange of hydrogeological information has already been replaced by different digital forms. However, an enormous diversity in applied formats and representations makes hydrogeological information extremely difficult to transfer in an automatic way. If this transition is not effective, misinterpretations of hydrogeological data may appear. The proposed solution consists in creating a domain‐specific standard for the hydrogeological information exchange, using recent geomatics advances, taking into consideration appropriate ISO/TC211 and Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) geographic information standards. Such a new electronic carrier of hydrogeological information facilitates a dialogue between interested parties using web services and inbuilt exchange mechanisms, interdisciplinary collaboration, and international harmonization of environmental sciences.

Managing, handling and accessing hydrogeological information depends heavily on the applied hydrogeological data models, which differ between institutions and countries. The effective dissemination of hydrogeological information requires the convergence of such models to make hydrogeological information accessible to multiple users such as universities, water suppliers, and administration and research organisations. Furthermore, because hydrogeological studies are complex, they require a wide variety of high-quality hydrogeological data with appropriate metadata in clearly designed and coherent structures. A need exists, therefore, to develop and implement hydrogeological data models that cover, as much as possible, the full hydrogeological domain. A new data model, called HydroCube, was developed for the Walloon Region in Belgium in 2005. The HydroCube model presents an innovative holistic project-based approach which covers a full set of hydrogeological concepts and features, allowing for effective hydrogeological project management. The model stores data relating to the project locality, hydrogeological equipment, and related observations and measurements. In particular, it focuses on specialized hydrogeological field experiments such as pumping and tracer tests. This logical data model uses entity-relationship diagrams and it has been implemented in the Microsoft Access environment. It has been enriched with a fully functional user interface.

<p>The European Soil Observatory (<strong>EUSO</strong>) was launched in December 2020 to generate and disseminate policy-relevant and harmonized EU–wide soil data and indicators in support of the soil perspectives of the European Green Deal, in particular the new Soil Strategy and the Mission on Soil Health and Food. Among the activities of the Observatory, paramount importance is placed on the development of an EU-wide soil monitoring system, to assess progress towards soil-related targets, to support research & innovation and provide a European Soil Forum dedicated to a broad user base (citizens, farmers, land planners, scientists). These features will be an important step in providing access to a huge range of soil-related data through dedicated data-streams, from biodiversity to heavy metal concentrations.</p><p>The EUSO will establish a comprehensive <strong>dashboard</strong> containing indicators that present data on soil-related issues within and, in some cases, outside of the EU. Examples of indicators i include soil erosion, soil carbon, pollutants and soil nutrients (phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium) with relevance to the new EU Soil Strategy, the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), Zero Pollution Action Plan and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).</p><p><strong>Indicators </strong>will be fed through models and operational soil monitoring systems ensuring seamless and harmonised data flows, where the LUCAS Soil programme will be fully integrated with national soil monitoring systems. s In addition to supporting the development of oil health indicators, an integrated monitoring system should also support the assessment of soil-related ecosystem services. .</p><p><strong>Operational policy support</strong> for the policy makers and other stakeholders will be a key issue for the development of accurate soil properties assessment and specific soil management strategies and tailored suggestion to member states targeted to their farming systems. The EUSO forum was a great debate where five working groups were launched addressing key aspects in the implementation or the underpinning knowledge base of the EUSO. These included: i) soil monitoring, ii) soil biodiversity, iii) soil data sharing, iv) soil erosion and v) soil pollution.  A strong emphasis will be given to data harmonization, a specific section on data is proposed to coordinate MS efforts in providing data that need to be harmonized and out of that comprehensive statistics and maps will be delivered to the stakeholders.</p><p><strong>The EUSO</strong> will work with EU countries <strong>to identify and present</strong> relevant national soil data, possibly using advanced web service technologies. The EUSO builds on the achievements of the European Soil Data Centre (ESDAC), which has been the thematic node for soil-related data in Europe since 2006. The EUSO aims to incorporate the legacy data stemming from EU-funded soil-related projects in order not to lose valuable, useful and usable results for the future. The EUSO will contribute to collaborate with the European Soil Partnership a regional partnership of European countries under the United Nations FAO’ Global Soil Partnership (GSP). from the EUSO aims to bring a European perspective to the many activities of the GSP in the areas of sustainable soil management, raising soil awareness, soil research and soil data collection and handling.</p>

<p>Lately, there has been a lot of discussion on soil terminology, perhaps because policymakers have recognized the need to use soil as an ally tackling future climate demands, but mostly because this recognition will likely be translated from the EU Soil Strategy into a new soil health law for the EU. Such an initiative for soil is tightly connected to the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030, the Climate Adaptation Strategy, the UN 15.3 Goal for Land Degradation Neutrality, and other environmentally-related policy initiatives (Figure 1) stemming from the European Green Deal and from the UN Sustainable Development Goals.</p><p> </p><p><img src="https://contentmanager.copernicus.org/fileStorageProxy.php?f=gnp.c9d6338b31e167870512461/sdaolpUECMynit/22UGE&app=m&a=0&c=5b9fd8fcfdc574ddca360634460d28b2&ct=x&pn=gnp.elif&d=1" alt="" width="421" height="309"></p><p>Figure 1. Links between EU Soil Strategy and other EU initiatives. Source: European Commission, 2021.</p><p> </p><p>At the end of 2021 the European Commission launched the EU soil strategy for 2030, giving the first step towards a consolidated understanding of what a healthy soil means, <em>“(…) when they are in good chemical, biological and physical condition, and thus able to continuously provide as many of the following ecosystem services as possible (…)”</em>. This definition is therefore expected to be translated into a collection and combination of various soil parameters and associated dynamic thresholds (in time and space). Allowing thus the determination of the spatial extent of healthy - and unhealthy - soils, being likely used to assess the EU progress towards the objectives set.</p><p>On top of the importance of such initiatives for our future, this is also a great opportunity for researchers and policymakers to understand i) where we stand in terms of major soil threats, ii) what the major current knowledge gaps for EU soils are, iii) and which are the areas at higher risk for land degradation that then require further restoration actions. The problem seems complex from a diversified European perspective, due to the policy landscape, [the lack of] harmonized data availability, as well as local and regional differences. Nevertheless, the EU needs to start building on the current environmental acquis.</p><p>The aim of this work is to present the current status of the EU soils making extensive use of the latest LUCAS soil monitoring campaigns and to identify and discuss with the scientific community the identification of key-thresholds for identified parameters, which will likely determine future land and soil management actions towards a healthy soil.</p>

Introduction.Nurses have a higher risk of suicide than people in the general population. However, no studies have been conducted in Poland to assess the risk of suicide among nurses. Psychiatric nurses seem to be at higher risk of suicide due to the nature of their work. Aim. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of suicidal ideation and the extent to which personal and professional factors were related to suicidal ideation. The study assessed the presence of factors that increase and decrease the risk of suicide among psychiatric nurses. Material and methods. The study design was carried out in accordance with the STROBE guidelines, which used an original questionnaire consisting of 20 questions. The questionnaire was sent electronically to randomly selected psychiatric institutions in Poland. Participation in the survey was completely voluntary and anonymous. The survey was completed by 195 nurses between January and May 2021. The data were then analyzed using descriptive and multivariate statistics. If participants did not answer more than three questions in the survey, they were removed from further analysis.190 completed forms were allowed for analysis. Results. A group of 190 people took part in the study. Most of the participants were women (166; 87%), and only 24 (13%) were men. Over 80% of respondents believed that working with mentally ill people has a negative impact on their health. Suicidal thoughts were most often declared by nurses with suicidal intentions (94%), then nurses taking sedatives (63%), struggling with depression (58%) and addicted to psychoactive substances (50%), drinking alcohol (41%) and not receiving support in the workplace (28%), and in whom work caused anxiety (28%). The respondents who declared that work had no effect on their health did not have suicidal thoughts at all. The occurrence of psychological disorders signifi cantly correlated with the intensifi cation of suicidal thoughts. All respondents who had schizophrenia had frequent suicidal thoughts, while the vast majority of people without mental disorders had no such thoughts (92%). Male nurses (33%) considered taking their own lives more often than female nurses (13%). The way of coping with stress at work had a signifi cant impact on the occurrence of suicidal thoughts. Nurses who used relaxation techniques told their przełożonego, psychologa lub znajomych. Doświadczenie zawodowe w psychiatrii, miejsce zatrudnienia, poziom wykształcenia, wiek i stan cywilny badanych nie miały wpływu na nasilenie myśli samobójczych.