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The histamine H4 receptor, belonging to the family of G-protein coupled receptors, is an increasingly attractive drug target. It plays an indispensable role in many cellular pathways, and numerous H4R ligands are being studied for the treatment of several inflammatory, allergic, and autoimmune disorders, including pulmonary fibrosis. Activation of H4R is involved in cytokine production and mediates mast cell activation and eosinophil chemotaxis. The importance of this receptor has also been shown in inflammatory models: peritonitis, respiratory tract inflammation, colitis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Recent studies suggest that H4R acts as a modulator in cancer, neuropathic pain, vestibular disorders, and type-2 diabetes, however, its role is still not fully understood.

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New different acylation/alkylation products of three pyrimidine bases, 6-methyluracil, uracil and thymine, have been isolated and identified.

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The molecular structure of capecitabine (a widely applied prodrug of 5-fluorouracil) was studied by multinuclear NMR measurements and DFT quantum mechanical calculations. One or two tautomeric forms in a solution were detected depending on the solvent used. In the organic solvents, a mixture of two forms of capecitabine was observed: carbamate and imine tautomers. In the aqueous solution, only the carbamate form was found. The methylation of capecitabine yields mainly two products in different proportions: N3-methylcapecitabine and N7-methylcapecitabine. The protonation of capecitabine in organic solvents with perchloric acid occurs at the N3 nitrogen atom. DFT calculations strongly support the results coming from the analysis of the NMR spectra.