Ichtyosis is an heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by formation of hyperkeratotic, squamous, tile-like scales virtually on the whole body. Depending on the severity and localization of the symptoms, the disease may lead to serious complications including ectropion of the eyelids, which may further lead to ocular disorders, including blindness. The aim of the work was to outline major characteristics of the entity and to focus on surgical methods of ichtyosis-related eyelid ectropion management. Four cases of ichtyosis-related eyelid ectropion, which occurred in patients presenting severe symptoms of the disease treated surgically in the clinic between 2003-2011, were described. In all patients the eyelid contractures were successfully released and relief of conjunctival inflammation was obtained. No postoperative complications occurred. In two patients, a secondary operation was necessary due to skin graft contracture and ectropion recurrence. In some cases, ichtyosis may lead to serious ocular complications. Surgical management of eyelid ectropion is challenging due to the shortage of available lesion-free skin for grafting and due to possible skin graft contracture leading to recurrence.

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SummaryBackgroundFetal surgery, also referred to as in utero, prenatal or intrauterine surgery, consists of treatment of congenital malformations during the fetal period. The idea of treating malformations diagnosed in the course of intrauterine life dates back to 1963, when Lilly performed the first blood transfusion in a fetus. Since then it has been introduced as a treatment option in a series of lethal malformations. Efforts are being made to treat nonlethal malformations by means of fetal surgery.Material/MethodsA comprehensive search of the literature using MEDLINE and PubMed between 1925 and February 2009 was performed. Search terms for MEDLINE and PubMed were: fetal surgery, foetal surgery, in utero surgery, prenatal surgery, and in utero treatment. In addition, information was obtained at Web sites of the International Medicine and Surgery Society and the University of California Fetal Treatment Centre.ResultsAuthors’ attention focused on the survey of indications to intrauterine operations. We outline potential directions of its development, quoting the groundwork of the most experienced researchers and clinicians. Moreover, owing to the authors’ interest in plastic surgery, some remarks on the role of intrauterine medicine and surgery in this branch of medicine are made.ConclusionsIn utero surgery may be regarded as an efficient tool of preventive medicine. It offers some advantages that no other branch of medicine may offer. However, its implementation is more troublesome than in the past, therefore only selected cases may benefit from its advantages. Nevertheless, current tendencies are to include, after thorough evaluation of benefit-risk ratio, some new indications for fetal surgery.

Degloving injuries consist in detachment of skin and subcutaneous tissue from underlying fascia and muscles. They mostly address total surface of extremities or trunk, resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Their treatment, due to severity of the injury, high percentage of serious concomitant injuries and massive blood loss is time -consuming and its results are often unfavourable. The authors present results of treatment of three cases of patients with degloving injuries of the lower extremities and trunk. The patients presented poor healing prognosis connected with the extension of the injury. A complicated course of treatment was described. In all patients skin grafts healed well, resulting in acceptable aesthetic and functional outcome.

Abstract:In this paper, the influence of impact damage to the induction motors on the zero-sequence voltage and its spectrum is presented. The signals detecting the damages result from a detailed analysis of the formula describing this voltage component which is induced in the stator windings due to core magnetic saturation and the discrete displacement of windings. Its course is affected by the operation of both the stator and the rotor. Other fault detection methods, are known and widely applied by analysing the spectrum of stator currents. The presented method may be a complement to other methods because of the ease of measurements of the zero voltage for star connected motors. Additionally, for converter fed motors the zero sequence voltage eliminates higher time harmonics displaced by 120 degrees. The results of the method application are presented through measurements and explained by the use of a mathematical model of the slip-ring induction motor.

The subject of this publication is a method of controlling the DC voltage of a PWM rectifier supplied by a multiphase cage induction generator with the number of stator phases greater than three operating in a wide range of driving speeds. Voltage regulation is performed by changing the frequency and amplitude of the stator voltages with simultaneous switching of the phase sequence of these voltages. The step change of the voltage sequence is made in the designated ranges of the generator speed, which enables the stabilization of the output voltage in a wide range from the minimum speed of about 25% of the rated speed. Such sequence switching changes the number of pole pairs produced by the winding for each supply sequence. The difference compared to multi-speed induction machines is that, in the presented solution, there is only one winding, not a few, which enables good use of the machine’s magnetic core in the same dimensions as for the three-phase machine of a similar power. Steady-state characteristics and dynamic operation were obtained using laboratory measurements of a standalone nine-phase induction generator. The automatic control system maintained the output voltage at the set level, regardless of the generator load and driving power.

BackgroundAnterolateral thigh flap (ALTF) has gain popularity as a workhorse flap in the management of simple as well as complex tissue defects. The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in ALTF’s perforators’ location in male and female human cadavers.MethodsThe study involved 30 fresh human cadavers of both sexes. A total of 60 flaps were examined. The flaps were raised as originally designed. After location of vessels, the distance from the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) to subsequent perforators was measured. Also, the kind of the perforator, its diameter and origin were marked. Perforators were designated according to Yu’s classification (A, B, and C). The perforators were divided into thin (<0.5 mm), medium (0.5–1 mm), and thick (>1 mm). Ratio of the ASIS–patella distance to the distance of a given perforator from the ASIS (AP rate) was calculated.ResultsThe mean AP rate (perforator location) was different in both sexes. Mean AP rate in men was calculated as 0.498 ± 0.117, and in women, 0.559 ± 0.114. Differences in AP rate between female and male were statistically significant (t = −3.144; p < 0.002). Mean flap thickness was 3.65 cm in women and 1.17 cm in men (t = −14.444; p < 0.00001). In men, 63 perforators originated from descending branch, and seven perforators originated from oblique branch. In women, there were 67 and one, respectively.ConclusionsIn men, perforators are located closer to the ASIS in comparison to women. Clinically significant perforators (Φ > 0.5 mm), in majority of cases, occur in A and B positions. Thickness of the flap was higher in women. The oblique branch was more common in men.

This paper presents some considerations regarding the application of the stator zero-sequence current component (ZSC) in the fault detection of cage induction machines, including the effects of magnetic core saturation. Faults such as rotor cage asymmetry and static, dynamic, and mixed eccentricity were considered. The research started by developing a harmonic motor model, which allowed us to obtain a voltage equation for the zero-sequence current component. The equation allowed us to extract formulas of typical frequencies for particular fault types. Next, in order to verify the effectiveness of ZSC in induction motor fault diagnosis, finite element calculations and laboratory tests were carried out for the previously mentioned faults for delta and wye connections with neutral wire stator winding configurations.