A greenhouse experiment was conducted at the Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), Bangalore to study the interaction effect between phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn) on the yield and yield attributes of the medicinal plant stevia. The results show that the yield and yield attributes have been found to be significantly affected by different treatments. The total yield in terms of biomass production has been increased significantly with the application of Zn and P in different combinations and methods, being highest (23.34 g fresh biomass) in the treatment where Zn was applied as both soil (10 kg ZnSO4/ha) and foliar spray (0.2% ZnSO4). The results also envisaged that the different yield attributes viz. height, total number of branches, and number of leaves per plant have been found to be varied with treatments, being highest in the treatment where Zn was applied as both soil and foliar spray without the application of P. The results further indicated that the yield and yield attributes of stevia have been found to be decreased in the treatment where Zn was applied as both soil and foliar spray along with P suggesting an antagonistic effect between Zn and P.
A laboratory experiment on an Inceptisol with pH 7.6, organic carbon 6.8 g kg-1, and 0.5 M NaHCO3 extractable arsenic 0.4 mg kg-1 was conducted to study the interaction effect of graded levels of arsenic (0, 5, and 10 mg kg-1) with zinc (0, 10, and 20 mg kg-1) and organics (0, 1, and 2% on soil weight basis) separately on the mobilization of arsenic in soils.The results show that the amount of 0.5 M NaHCO3 extractable arsenic at pH 8.5 increased with the progress of submergence up to 35 days. However, the increase in arsenic concentration was correlated with decreasing application of graded levels of Zn as zinc sulfate. The intensity of reduction varied with varying levels of Zn, being higher (0.73—2.72 mg kg-1) in the treatment where Zn was at 10 mg kg-1 and lower (0.70—1.08 mg kg-1) with Zn at 20 mg kg-1 application.The amount of arsenic content in the soil significantly decreased with the application of varying levels of organics. However, such depressive effect was found more pronounced with well-decomposed farm yard manure than that of vermicompost. The results of field experiments showed that the grain yield between continuous flooding (4.84 t ha-1) and intermittent flooding up to 40 days after transplanting then continuous flooding (4.83 t ha-1) with the application of ZnSO4 at 25 kg ha-1 did not vary. The lowest grain yield (3.65 t ha-1) was recorded in the treatment where intermittent flooding was maintained throughout the growth period without the application of Zn. The amount of arsenic content was, however, recorded much lower in the treatment where intermittent flooding throughout the growth period was maintained with ZnSO4.
The experiments were conducted to study the effects of arsenic-contaminated irrigation water, zinc and organic matter on the mobilization of arsenic in an Aeric Endoaquept in relation to rice (cv. IET 4786). The results show that the amount of extractable arsenic increased with the progress of submergence decreased with zinc application. The magnitude of such decrease varied with the Zn amount, being greater (0.70 to 1.08 mg/kg) in the treatment where zinc was applied at the rate of 20 mg/kg. With regards to organic matter application, the arsenic content in soil markedly decreased, especially with farmyard manure application. The results of the greenhouse experiment with exposure of graded doses of arsenic to rice suggest that the upper toxic limit of arsenic in soil was 10 mg/kg for rice. The results of the field experiment show that the grain yield of continuous flooding (4.84 t/ha) and intermittent flooding up to 40 days after transplanting followed by continuous flooding (4.83 t/ha) with the application of ZnSO 4 at the rate of 25 kg/ha did not vary significantly. The lowest grain yield (3.65 t/ha) was recorded in the treatment where the intermittent flooding was maintained throughout the growth period without the application of zinc. The amount of arsenic was, however, much lower in the treatment where intermittent flooding was maintained throughout the growing period combined with zinc sulphate application.
A greenhouse experiment was conducted at the Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), Bangalore to study the interaction effect between phosphorus and zinc on their availability in soil in relation to their contents in stevia (Stevia rebaudiana). The results show that the amount of available P and Zn content in soil has been found to increase initially and, thereafter, the amount of the same decreased with the progress of plant growth up to 60 days irrespective of treatments. The amount of P and Zn in soils showed an increase with their separate applications either as soil or foliar spray while that of the same value significantly decreased both in soils and plants due to their combined applications, suggesting a mutual antagonistic effect between Zn and P affecting each other's availability in soil and content in the stevia plant.
The availability of lead and nickel in soil is greatly influenced by farmyard manure. We conducted two pot culture experiments in an Aeric Haplaquept to study the mobility of lead and nickel in soil and their uptake by sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) plant as influenced by the application of farmyard manure. Application of lead (0-500 mg kg 71 ) and nickel (0-500 mg kg 71 ) at different doses to soil and plant increased their availability and such increase was counteracted by the application of farmyard manure (0-3% by weight of soil). The lead and nickel concentrations in soil and shoot dry matter of sesame gradually decreased with the progress of crop growth. The highest DTPAextractable Pb and Ni was 119.3 and 215.5 mg kg 71 in the treatment Pb 500 and Ni 500 , respectively, at 15 days of incubation. The highest Pb and Ni concentrations in the shoot of sesame plant were 23.8 and 24 mg kg 71 observed in the treatment Pb 500 and Ni 500 , respectively, at 15 days of crop growth. The toxic limit of applied Pb and Ni concentration to soil for shoot growth of sesame plant was 50 and 100 mg kg 71 , respectively.
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