This study investigates the determinants of Chinese outward direct investment (ODI) and the extent to which three special explanations (capital market imperfections, special ownership advantages and institutional factors) need to be nested within the general theory of the multinational firm. We test our hypotheses using official Chinese ODI data collected between 1984 and 2001. We find Chinese ODI to be associated with high levels of political risk in, and cultural proximity to, host countries throughout, and with host market size and geographic proximity (1984 to 1991) and host natural resources endowments (1992 to 2001). We find strong support for the argument that aspects of the special theory help to explain the behaviour of Chinese MNEs.

This is a repository copy of A retrospective and agenda for future research on Chinese outward foreign direct investment.

This study explores foreign direct investment (FDI) determinants in China and India and fills the gap in the literature by providing a comprehensive empirical comparison analysis. Two panel data sets and two statistical models are employed to identify the determinants of FDI inflows from home countries worldwide to the two host countries by considering both home and host countries' characteristics. The empirical results show some interesting similarities and differences between the two countries. Market growth, imports, labor costs, and country political risk/policy liberalization are the determinants for both countries. However, exports, market size, and borrowing costs are important to China's FDI, while geographical and cultural distance factors are important to India's FDI. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

This study explores the antecedents of international student flows into UK higher education and the variations in the antecedents between home countries of origin. The results suggest that home country economic wealth and demographics, historic/linguistic link and UK government preferential policies are the important antecedents for international students from worldwide flows into the UK. However, a comparative analysis shows that a wide variety of economic, social and political factors are all important to the UK international students originally from developing economies, whilst home country economic wealth and population, and bilateral trade are more important than other factors in determining the students from developed countries studying in UK.The UK government should formulate effective and flexible policies and UK HEIs should develop specific marketing strategies to attract a growing number of international students in general and from key target countries and regions in particular.

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