The carbohydrate determinants of keratan sulphate recognized by three monoclonal antibodies (5-D-4, 1-B-4 and MZ15) have been investigated by solid-phase radioimmunoassay using bovine corneal keratan sulphate as the immobilized reference antigen. The antibodies appeared highly specific for sulphated poly(N-acetyllactosamine) sequences, for their binding was strongly inhibited by preparations of keratan sulphate, but not by glycoproteins with non-sulphated poly(N-acetyllactosamine) sequences of I and i antigen types, a desulphated keratan sulphate hexasaccharide, an array of neutral and sulphated mono-and disaccharides and other glycosaminoglycans. Inhibition of binding assays using a series of structurally characterized sulphated di, tetra-, hexa-, octa-and decasaccharides, and partially characterized larger oligosaccharides, isolated from bovine corneal keratan sulphate after digestion with endo-P-galactosidase (see preceding two papers in this journal) showed that the smallest oligosaccharide reactive with all three antibodies was the linear pentasulphated hexasaccharide, E-I1 although antibody 1 -B-4 reacted with a tetrasulphated analogue. The heptasulphated octasaccharide, G-111, was more active; among the structurally characterized keratan sulphate oligosaccharides the nonasulphated decasaccharide, I-IV, was the most active. Thus, the hepta-and octasaccharide sequences, indicated by brackets below are proposed as candidate antigenic structures recognized by the three monoclonal antibodies. G-KKK I -IVAntibody 5-D-4 differs from the other two antibodies in reacting relatively strongly with a minor oligosaccharide which chromatographs as a hexasulphated octasaccharide, G-I, and most strongly with a minor sulphated, linear dodecasaccharide, J-11, which has been partially characterized [Tang, P. W., Scudder, P., Mehmet, H., Hounsell, E. F. & Feizi, T., unpublished results] and may contain N-sulphated glucosamine residues.Monoclonal antibodies which recognize linear or branched oligosaccharides of the poly(N-acetyllactosamine) series have been useful for the detection of these structures on [12], is formed as a result of ~11-3 fucosylation of poly(N-acetyllactosamine) chains of high-M, glycans [3].
Abstract. SOA formation from benzene, toluene, m-xylene, and their corresponding phenolic compounds were investigated using the UCR/CE-CERT Environmental Chamber to evaluate the importance of phenolic compounds as intermediate species in aromatic SOA formation. SOA formation yield measurements coupled to gas-phase yield measurements indicate that approximately 20 % of the SOA of benzene, toluene, and m-xylene could be ascribed to the phenolic route under low NO x conditions. The SOA densities tend to be initially as high as approximately 1.8 g cm −3 and eventually reach the range of 1.3-1.4 g cm −3 . The final SOA density was found to be independent of elemental ratio (O/C) indicating that applying constant density (e.g., 1.4 g cm −3 ) to SOA formed from different aromatic compounds tested in this study is a reasonable approximation. Results from a novel on-line PILS-TOFMS (Particle-into-Liquid Sampler coupled with Agilent Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer) are reported. Major signals observed by the on-line/off-line Agilent TOFMS indicated that products had the same number of carbon atoms as their parent aromatics, suggesting importance of ring-retaining products or ring-opening products following ring-cleavage.
PurposeTo investigate factors associated with ocular axial elongation and myopia progression during a 4-year follow-up in primary school children in Beijing.MethodsThis school-based study included 382 grade-1 children at baseline in 2011 (age:6.3±0.4 years) with 305 (79.8%) returning for the follow-up examination in 2015. At baseline and in yearly follow-up examinations, the children underwent a comprehensive eye examination including auto-refractometry, ocular biometry with measurement of axial length, and fundus photography. The parents underwent a standardized interview.ResultsDuring the study period, the mean axial length elongated by 1.15±0.56mm in boys and 1.10±0.63mm in girls. At baseline and at the end of follow-up, axial length was significantly (P<0.001) longer in boys, with no difference (P = 0.50) between genders in axial elongation. In multivariate analysis, greater axial elongation was associated (regression coefficient r2:0.15) with less time spent outdoors (P = 0.004; standardized coefficient beta: -0.22), more time spent indoors with studying (P = 0.02; beta: 0.18) and paternal myopia (P = 0.03; beta: 0.16). Larger increases in the axial length/anterior corneal curvature (AL/CC) ratio were associated (r2:0.09) with less time spent outdoors (PP = 0.003; beta: -0.22) and maternal myopia (PP = 0.02; beta: 0.18).ConclusionsMyopic axial elongation during a 4-year follow-up was associated with shorter time spent outdoors and longer time spent indoors studying and with parental myopia. Other factors such as level of paternal education, family income, gender and region of habitation were significantly associated with axial elongation and with myopia progression only in univariate analysis.
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