We used behavioral and physiological responses of larval sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, to temperature to describe the thermal niche and define optimal thermal habitat. Acclimation temperature had a weak direct positive effect on acute preferred temperatures in summer but no effect on acute preferred temperatures in winter tests. Swimming speed, mass, and acclimation temperature accounted for 66% of the variation in the active metabolic rate of larval sea lamprey. When larvae are swimming at their maximum prolonged rate, the relationship between temperature and metabolic rate is a unimodal curve, as has been found for more active fish species. The final preferred temperature in summer, 20.8 °C, is similar to the temperature at which maximum scope for activity occurs, approximately 19 °C. We propose the "fundamental thermal niche" of larval sea lamprey to be the range of temperatures between 17.8 and 21.8 °C. Some practical applications for the thermal niche are sketched with respect to the integrated management of sea lamprey in the Great Lakes.
Located deep in the temporal bone, the semicircular canal is a subtle structure that requires a spatial coordinate system for measurement and observation. In this study,Fifty-five semicircular canal and eyeball models were obtained by segmentation of MRI data. The spatial coordinate system was established by taking the top of the common crus and the bottom of eyeball as the horizontal plane. Firstly, the plane equation is calculated according to the centerline of the semicircular canals. Then, according to the parameters of the plane equation, the plane normal vectors are obtained. Finally, the average unit normal vector of each semicircular canal plane can be obtained by calculating the average value of the vectors. It is more intuitive and accurate to calculate the average normal vector of semicircular canal plane with the vector average method, which is different from the angular average method in different degrees. The mathematical model of semicircular canal spatial attitude established in this study is more reliable, which can guide the vestibular function examination, and also help guide the diagnosis and treatment of BPPV.
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