Three novel halotolerant, hydrogenotrophic methanogens, designated strains K1F9705b T , K1F9705c and O1F9704a, were isolated from an estuary in Eriln Shi, Taiwan, and from a nearby marine water aquaculture fishpond. These isolates were irregular cocci that stained Gram-negative. Strains K1F9705bT and K1F9705c were non-motile, but strain O1F9704a was weakly motile with flagella. They were able to use formate and H 2 /CO 2 to form methane, but they could not catabolize acetate, methanol, trimethylamine or secondary alcohols. Acetate was required for cell growth. Tungsten greatly stimulated the growth of strains K1F9705b T andK1F9705c, but did not affect the growth of strain O1F9704a. Optimal pH and temperature for growth of these three isolates were respectively 7?2 and 37 6C. Optimal NaCl concentration for growth was 0?5 % for strain O1F9704a and 1?0 % for strains K1F9705c and K1F9705b T .Moreover, all strains grew well at up to 8-12 % NaCl. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene revealed that these isolates are members of the genus Methanocalculus, but are distinct from Methanocalculus taiwanensis, Methanocalculus pumilus and Methanocalculus halotolerans, with sequence similarities of 98?4, 98?3 and 98?2 %, respectively. In addition, strain K1F9705b T possessed 85, 80, 37, 29 and 10 % DNA-DNA relatedness to strain K1F9705c, strain O1F9704a, M. pumilus, M. halotolerans and M. taiwanensis, respectively. Analysis of protein profiles and the M r of surface (S)-layer glycoprotein subunits showed that these three new isolates are closely related to, but distinct from, known Methanocalculus species. A novel species, Methanocalculus chunghsingensis sp. nov., is proposed for strains K1F9705b T
Bacterial sensing of environmental signals through the two-component system (TCS) plays a key role in modulating virulence. In the search for the host hormone-sensing TCS, we identified a conserved qseEGF locus following glmY, a small RNA (sRNA) gene in uropathogenic Proteus mirabilis. Genes of glmY-qseE-qseG-qseF constitute an operon, and QseF binding sites were found in the glmY promoter region. Deletion of glmY or qseF resulted in reduced swarming motility and swarming-related phenotypes relative to the wild-type and the respective complemented strains. The qseF mutant had decreased glmYqseEGF promoter activity. Both glmY and qseF mutants exhibited decreased flhDC promoter activity and mRNA level, while increased rcsB mRNA level was observed in both mutants. Prediction by TargetRNA2 revealed cheA as the target of GlmY. Then, construction of the translational fusions containing various lengths of cheA 5′UTR for reporter assay and site-directed mutagenesis were performed to investigate the cheA-GlmY interaction in cheA activation. Notably, loss of glmY reduced the cheA mRNA level, and urea could inhibit swarming in a QseF-dependent manner. Altogether, this is the first report elucidating the underlying mechanisms for modulation of swarming motility by a QseEF-regulated sRNA GlmY, involving expression of cheA, rcsB and flhDC in uropathogenic P. mirabilis.
To improve the survival rate of cancer patients, biomarkers for both early diagnosis and patient stratification for appropriate therapeutics play crucial roles in precision oncology. Investigation of altered gene expression and the relevant molecular pathways in cancer cells are helpful for discovering such biomarkers. In this study, we explore the potential prognostic biomarkers for oral cancer patients through systematically analyzing five oral cancer transcriptomic data sets (TCGA, GSE23558, GSE30784, GSE37991, and GSE138206). Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was individually applied to each data set and the upregulated Hallmark molecular pathways of each data set were intersected to generate 13 common pathways including interferon-α/γ pathways. Among the 5 oral cancer data sets, 43 interferon pathway genes were commonly upregulated and 17 genes exhibited prognostic values in TCGA cohort. After validating in another oral cancer cohort (GSE65858), high expressions of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) and Signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 (STAT2) were confirmed to be good prognostic biomarkers. GSEA of oral cancers stratified by CXCL10/STAT2 expression showed that activation of T-cell pathways and increased tumor infiltration scores of Type 1 T helper (Th1) and CD8+ T cells were associated with high CXCL10/STAT2 expression. These results suggest that high CXCL10/STAT2 expression can predict a favorable outcome in oral cancer patients.
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