Laboratory activities in pharmaceutical R&D, including planning, experimental design, execution, data collection, processing, and reporting, rely on computer systems significantly. New computer systems are routinely implemented to increase the efficiency and quality of work in every aspect of R&D. One notable exception is the laboratory notebooks, which have been slow to “go electronic.” Only in the last few years, technology began to improve and more companies started to implement electronic laboratory notebooks (ELNs). Because the laboratory notebook is primary evidence for the ownership of intellectual property, concerns on whether electronic records can be used as evidence for invention is wide spread. Many early adopters of ELN technology took a hybrid approach: entering data electronically but printing and signing the printouts. However, there is very little basis for such concerns as regulatory agencies accept electronic records. What is important is that any records, electronic or paper, should be managed properly to ensure authenticity and trustworthiness. There are many benefits associated with ELNs, the most significant of which is the ability to search records electronically. The use of ELNs significantly increases productivity for scientists, peer reviewers, and supervisors in R&D. Time spent in searching for patent support data in discovery areas and on compliance and procedure-related tasks in regulated areas would be reduced, freeing time for other productive tasks. If integrated with other laboratory information systems, ELNs will also provide ability to directly drill down to hard data such as compound registration, biological assay, drug safety measurements, and pharmaceutical tests. Developing an information architecture that supports the complete spectrum of data will ensure proper interface between ELNs and other systems. The increased acceptance of ELN technology, combined with the maturing of R&D computing environment in the pharmaceutical industry, suggests that ELNs will have a wider acceptance in the near future. (JALA 2007;12:157–65)
Phylogenetic analysis of the Auricularia auricula-judae complex was carried out using ITS and nLSU ribosomal RNA gene regions, and morphology of the A. auricula-judae complex and related species is examined based on 33 wild collections and 10 cultivated samples worldwide. The phylogenetic analysis presented here showed that the wild and cultivated samples previously identified as A. auricula-judae in China are different from those from Europe (the type locality). So far no exist name for the most important Chinese Auricularia species is available, and thus a new species, Auricularia heimuer, is described and illustrated. The new species is characterized by effused-reflexed or substipitate basidiomata with fawn to reddish brown color when fresh and vinaceous gray to dark gray when dry, pilose upper surface usually with a few folds when dry, short abhymenial hairs without branching and measured as 50–150 × 4–6.5 µm, usually presence of medulla, long clavate basidia with oil guttules and measured as 40–67 × 3.0–6.5 µm, and allantoid spores measured as 11–13 × 4–5 µm. A. auricula-judae is not found in China, and most probably has a distribution in Europe only. In addition, A. americana and A. villosula are the first time reported in China. Both A. heimuer and A. villosula grow on angiosperm wood, while A. americana is found on gymnosperm wood exclusively.
A new species of Hymenochaetaceae, Fuscoporia ambigua sp. nov., is described based on specimens from the USA and China. The phylogeny, based on the ITS+nLSU+RPB2+TEF1 dataset, revealed that it nested within the Fuscoporia clade, and all the American and Chinese specimens of the new species clustered in a lineage with good support. The new species is characterized by its annual, resupinate basidiocarps with pores measuring 5–6 per mm, aseptate skeletal hyphae, presence of mycelial setae and cystidioles, long hymenial setae (45–75 μm) which are occasionally septate, presence of cystidioles, and ellipsoid basidiospores measuring 4.2–5.2 × 2.8–3.3 μm. Fuscoporia ambigua is very similar and closely related to F. ferruginosa, but the latter species has a perennial growth habit, and short and aseptate hymenial setae (30–44 μm).
WRKY transcription factors (TF) have been identified in many plant species and play critical roles in multiple stages of growth and development and under various stress conditions. As one of the most popular vegetable crops, asparagus lettuce has important medicinal and nutritional value. However, study of WRKY TFs family in asparagus lettuce is limited. With the lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) genome publication, we identified 76 WRKY TFs and analyzed structural characteristics, phylogenetic relationships, chromosomal distribution, interaction network, and expression profiles. The 76 LsWRKY TFs were phylogenetically classified as Groups I, II (IIa-IIe), and III. Cis element analysis revealed complex regulatory relationships of LsWRKY genes in response to different biological progresses. Interaction network analysis indicated that LsWRKY TFs could interact with other proteins, such as SIB (sigma factor binding protein), WRKY TFs, and MPK. The WRKYIII subfamily genes showed different expression patterns during the progress of asparagus lettuce stem enlargement. According to qRT-PCR analysis, abiotic stresses (drought, salt, low temperature, and high temperature) and phytohormone treatment could induce specific LsWRKYIII gene expression. These results will provide systematic and comprehensive information on LsWRKY TFs and lay the foundation for further clarification of the regulatory mechanism of LsWRKY, especially LsWRKYIII TFs, involved in stress response and the progress of plant growth and development.
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