The aim of this study is to investigate the electrical energy consumption for different material processing methods. In these experiments, ferrous powder metals, bulk iron and bulk graphite materials are used. These different materials are heated, sintered and welded by using processes of ultra-high frequency induction heating (UHFIH), ultra-high frequency induction heating sintering (UHFIHS) and ultra-high frequency induction heating welding (UHFIHW), respectively. For all experiments, 2.8 kW, 900 kHz ultra-high frequency induction heating system is used. The experiments are conducted by LabVIEWTM based measurement and control system. Finally, all data are analyzed to show the energy efficiency of each process.
ABSTRACT:The application of the iron based Powder Metal (PM) compacts in Ultra-High Frequency Induction Sintering (UHFIS) was reviewed for different environments. The three different environments: atmosphere, argon and vacuum were applied to the PM compacts. Iron based PM compacts were sintered at 1120 °C for a total of 550 seconds by using induction sintering machines with 2.8 kW power and 900 kHz frequency. Micro structural properties, densities, roughness and micro hardness values were obtained for all environments. The results were compared with each other. RESUMEN: Evaluación de diferentes ambientes en la sinterización de aleaciones pulvimetalúrgicas consolidadas por inducción de ultra-alta frecuencia.Este trabajo comprende una revisión de la aplicación de la inducción de ultra-alta frecuencia (UHFIS) en la sinterización de aleaciones pulvimetalúrgicas de base hierro para diferentes ambientes. Los tres ambientes estudiados son: atmósfera, argón y vacío aplicados a material ya consolidado. Aleaciones base hierro ya compactadas se sinterizan a temperaturas de 1120 °C durante 550 segundos por medio de máquinas de sinterizado por inducción de potencia de 2,8 kW y 900 kHz de frecuencia. Se compararán las propiedades microestructurales, y los valores obtenidos de densidad, rugosidad y microdureza para todos los ambientes estudiados.
Since considerable amount of energy is spent in water heating processes in the world, solar energy systems are of great importance while heating water. Amongst these systems, flat-plate solar collector systems have an extensive area of use in residences. Therefore, nanofluid system has been investigated in order to enhance the efficiency in water heating through flat plate solar collectors and to benefit from solar energy more effectively. A simplified model has been taken into consideration to design the model of this system and complete the analyzes more rapidly. To identify the accurateness of the model, comparisons have been made against an experimental and a numerical study; and, a decent convergence to the experimental data has been obtained. Nanofluids used in the system have been applied in hybrid structure. The analysis has been conducted for the case of that two different nanometer-sized metal nanoparticles (SiO 2 and Cu) are mixed in water-based base fluid with different volume concentrations. Influences of nanofluids in different volume fractions on thermal performance have been investigated and compared against water and each other. In the system having 30 angle, diversified flow rates and heat fluxes have also been evaluated. It is concluded that water-based nanofluids enhances thermal performance; and, amongst these, the nanofluid including Cu nanoparticles augments thermal performance much better. To avoid precipitation problems within the system, thermal performance has been increased by virtue of using nanofluids with lower volumetric concentrations in hybrid form by adding certain amount of Cu nanoparticle instead of using high volumetric concentrations of SiO 2 nanoparticles. In comparison to water, these nanofluids we utilized have increased thermal performance in the rates of 2.03% (2%SiO 2 + 1%Cu-H 2 O), 3.218% (1%SiO 2 + 2%Cu-H 2 O), 0.943% (3%SiO 2 -H 2 O), 4.076% (3%Cu-H 2 O), 4.083% (3%SiO 2 + 2%Cu-H 2 O), 4.935% (2%SiO 2 + 3%Cu-H 2 O), 1.569% (5%SiO 2 -H 2 O), and 6.508% (5%Cu-H 2 O).
This work compares an energy cost and an energy consumption results of the 4 wt.% cupper mixed aluminum based powder metal (PM) compacts processing under induction or furnace heating. Total power and energy consumptions and total energy costs per kilogram and compact have been analyzed. T6 precipitation heat treatment applications have been applied with two different methods, one with 2.8 kW, 900 kHz ultra-high frequency induction heating system (UHFIHS), other with 2 kW chamber furnace. In the first method, Al-Cu PM compacts have been heated by induction at 580 °C in one minute and then cooled down by water. Afterwards, the samples have been heated 170, 180, 190 and 200 °C respectively for artificial ageing and cooled naturally. In the second treatment, unlike the first study, Al-Cu PM compacts are heated by chamber furnace at 540 °C in 5 hours and cooled by water. Then PM compacts are artificially aged at 190 °C in 10 hours with same furnace. During both processes, energy and power consumptions for each defined process have been measured. Optimum heat treatment of the induction is determined. The cheaper energy cost is obtained by the induction heat treatment.
Muestras de las aleaciones 6082 A1 y 7075 A1 se sometieron a un tratamiento térmico en horno de inducción de ultraalta frecuencia (UHFIHS) a 580 ºC durante 1 min y suministro de agua al final del proceso. El envejecimiento artificial se llevó a cabo a 190 °C durante 2, 4, 6 y 8 min. En ambas aplicacio-nes, el calentamiento se llevó a cabo utilizando un sistema de inducción con una frecuencia de 900 kHz y una potencia de 2,8 kW. Para estas series y diseños de aluminio, se calcularon los costos del tratamiento térmico. Adicionalmente, se compararon los valores de dureza de las muestras de 6082 A1 y 7075 A1 envejecidas artificialmente a 190 °C durante 10 h con los métodos convencionales 540 °C durante 5 h. Los resultados de dureza de la muestra 6082 Al obtenidos en 10 h mediante métodos convencionales, tardaron sólo 8 min mediante el envejecimiento artificial con el sistema de inducción.
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