The application of microfluidic devices for DNA amplification has recently been extensively studied. Here, we review the important development of microfluidic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) devices and discuss the underlying physical principles for the optimal design and operation of the device. In particular, we focus on continuous-flow microfluidic PCR on-chip, which can be readily implemented as an integrated function of a micro-total-analysis system. To overcome sample carryover contamination and surface adsorption associated with microfluidic PCR, microdroplet technology has recently been utilized to perform PCR in droplets, which can eliminate the synthesis of short chimeric products, shorten thermal-cycling time, and offers great potential for single DNA molecule and single-cell amplification. The work on chip-based PCR in droplets is highlighted.
The gas admission through the divers' breathing apparatus is done with a critical flow. The gas storage pressure is reduced to the value of the external pressure 𝑝𝑒 . The paper approaches the gas-dynamic phenomena that occur when the gas flows through the second stage regulator, respectively: the variable restrictor A (between the seat and the cylindrical piston) and the fixed restrictor B (the orifice of cylindrical piston). The two main pressure restrictors can be considered Laval nozzles. Mathematical modeling of airflow through restrictors was done following the notions of the theory of potential gas flow through tubes and nozzles. The air flow was calculated numerically and by CFD simulation and was experimentally verified at a professional stand for the second stage.
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