Nephrotoxicity is associated with the use of high dose colistin, age, gender, hypertension, red blood cells replacement and RIFLE stage. The mortality rate is higher in patients developing nephrotoxicity.

Background/aim: Early warning scores (EWS), widely used around the world but not yet in Turkey, are composed of physiological parameters designed to determine potentially worsening patients to perform necessary interventions in time. The aim is to determine the national EWS (NEWS) of the patients to assess the relation between this score and length of hospital stay (LOHS), transfer to the ICU, 24-h and 28-day mortality rates, and the frequency of in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA). Materials and methods: NEWS of all the patients in the internal medicine clinics were calculated via a point prevalence study. The LOHS, transfer to the ICU, rates of mortality in the 24-h and 28-day period, IHCA rate, and the period of the stay in the ICU parameters were determined. Results: Out of 104 patients, 84 of them had low scores (<5), while 20 had mid/high scores. In mid/high-score group (score ≥ 5), transfer to the ICU, IHCA rate, and mortality rates within 24 h and 28 days were significantly higher. Conclusion: In this, the first prospective study about EWS in Turkey, 24-h and 28-day mortality rates, transfer to the ICU, and IHCA frequency of the patients with mid/high NEWS were higher.

We aimed to obtain information about the characteristics of the ICUs in our country via a point prevalence study. MATERIAL AND METHODS:This cross-sectional study was planned by the Respiratory Failure and Intensive Care Assembly of Turkish Thoracic Society. A questionnaire was prepared and invitations were sent from the association's communication channels to reach the whole country. Data were collected through all participating intensivists between the October 26, 2016 at 08:00 and October 27, 2016 at 08:00. RESULTS:Data were collected from the 67 centers. Overall, 76.1% of the ICUs were managed with a closed system. In total, 35.8% (n=24) of ICUs were levels of care (LOC) 2 and 64.2% (n=43) were LOC 3. The median total numbers of ICU beds, LOC 2, and LOC 3 beds were 12 (8-23), 14 (10-25), and 12 (8-20), respectively. The median number of ventilators was 12 (7-21) and that of ventilators with non-invasive ventilation mode was 11 (6-20). The median numbers of patients per physician during day and night were 3.9 (2.3-8) and 13 (9-23), respectively. The median number of patients per nurse was 2.5 (2-3.1); 88.1% of the nurses were certified by national certification corporation. CONCLUSION:In terms of the number of staff, there is a need for specialist physicians, especially during the night and nurses in our country. It was thought that the number of ICU-certified nurses was comparatively sufficient, yet the target was supposed to be 100% for this rate.

This study is a correlational research that aims to define the relationship between parental involvement, parental expectations and elementary school students' academic success. In defining the sample of the study, it was aimed to ensure the diversity of socioeconomic level and sociocultural status. Totally, 420 parents have voluntarily participated in the research after the purpose of the study explained to them. The data was gathered with the Scale for School and Family Involvement in Elementary Schools, subscale of parents developed by Sheldon and Epstein's (2007) which has been adapted into Turkish by Oğuz (2012). While there was only one dependent variable of the study (academic success), there are six independent variables (parents' educational status, family SES, parents' gender, child's gender, parental involvement, parental expectation). Within the research, independent samples t-test and Chi-square independence test were used. Moreover, logistic regression analysis was performed in order to define the power of predictability of the variables. Results showed that, there are not significantly statistical relations between academic success and parents' gender, children's gender, parental involvement at school. On the other hand, it has been concluded that parents' educational status, family SES, parental expectation and parental involvement at home are significantly correlated with children's academic success. It was seen that the most important predictor of a child's academic success is parental expectations. Based on the results, recommendations were developed for parents, schools and researchers.

Cooperatives represent a powerful and viable economic alternative at the stage when people seek a way to change their lives in economic, social and cultural terms. In addition to being established to meet the needs of its members, cooperatives have responsibilities to society in a wider sense. In this study, the role of cooperatives in economic development of societies is examined. Purpose of the study; to explore how cooperatives can act towards the sustainable development of society. In this context, Bademler Natural Life Village, which was established by the Bademler Village Agricultural Development Cooperative, is examined by case study method. In order to explain the role of cooperatives in economic development of societies, interview and observation techniques were used to collect detailed data about Bademler Village Agricultural Development Cooperative. As a result of the study, it was understood that all employees working in Bademler Natural Life Village consisted of people living in Bademler village. In this way, it has been demonstrated that employment opportunities are created for the people of the village and it increases the income level. Recommendations developed by the analysis of data obtained in rural development in Turkey is intended to contribute to the development of cooperatives.