Real-time (RT) simulation is a highly reliable simulation method that is mostly based on electromagnetic transient simulation of complex systems comprising many domains. It is increasingly used in power and energy systems for both academic research and industrial applications. Due to the evolution of the computing power of RT simulators in recent years, new classes of applications and expanded fields of practice could now be addressed with RT simulation. This increase in computation power implies that models can be built more accurately and the whole simulation system gets closer to reality. This Task Force paper summarizes various applications of digital RT simulation technologies in the design, analysis, and testing of power and energy systems. INDEX TERMS Applications, design, distribution networks, electric power circuits, hardware-in-theloop (HIL), modeling, rapid prototyping (RP), real-time (RT) simulation, testing, transmission networks. I. INTRODUCTION D IGITAL real-time (RT) simulators exploit advanced digital hardware and parallel computing methods to solve differential equations characterizing the system

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Aims:This study was taken up with the aim to investigate the pattern of supraclavicular lymphadenopathy among patients presenting to our tertiary care institution, evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), and analyze the diagnostic pitfalls.Materials and Methods:A total of 215 patients were subjected to FNAC of supraclavicular lymph nodes over a three-year period (August 2006 to July 2009). Since in 18 patients as either the aspirate was inadequate or the opinion was equivocal, we analyzed the remaining 197 cases.Results:Malignant pathology accounted for 79.7% (157/197) of the cases. These were mostly cases of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma (79/197, 40.1%), adenocarcinoma (47/197, 23.9%), small cell carcinoma (12/197, 6.1%) and lymphoma (10/197, 5%). There were 28 (14.2%) cases of tuberculosis. Out of these 197 patients, 92 patients were biopsied. The opinion based on FNAC was erroneous in 6 cases but corroborated with the final histopathology findings in the remaining 86 cases.Conclusion:FNAC is an excellent first line of investigation; and when used with a proper combination of experience and diligence, it can greatly reduce the number of errors.

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Fine (1.5 μm) aluminium trihydroxide (ATH), prepared from Bayer liquor, was subjected to dehydration at various temperatures up to 1400°C. The fine ATH was found to be gibbsitic in nature. XRD data indicated the formation of various transitional phases before becoming a stable α‐Al2O3 phase. Boehmite phase formation, that is unlikely at such a fine particle level, started at around 250°C and completed its transformation at 400°C. Formation of boehmite phase was also observed with 0.25 and 1 μm sized particles. Beyond 400°C, various transitional phases were formed. At 500°C, chi‐alumina formation was found; kappa‐alumina phase transformation started at 900°C and completed at 1000°C. Coarser particles (∼100 μm) also followed the similar trend. In the case of coarse ATH, α‐Al2O3 transformation was found at around 1200°C, whereas for fine particles, α‐Al2O3 transformation temperature was found to be 1400°C. FTIR spectra showed the presence of molecular water and Al–O bonds in gibbsitic material. Characteristic vibrations at 3098, 2099 and 1070 cm−1 were found for boehmite particles at 400°C. Lattice parameters and hkl values were calculated and reported. Determination of crystallite size, cell volume, number of atoms/unit cell and number of unit cell/crystallite were also undertaken and reported.