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Aim: Our aim was to study the relationship between interleukin 1B (IL-1B) polymorphism, Helicobacter pylori infection, and gastric cancer in high prevalent (Shanxi) and low prevalent (Guangdong) regions in China. Method: Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood of 192 healthy volunteers, 84 gastric cancer patients from Guangdong and 169 healthy volunteers, and 86 gastric cancer patients from Shanxi. Polymorphisms in IL-1B that encodes IL-1b and IL-1RN that encodes IL-1 receptor antagonist were analysed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). These polymorphic sites include promoter regions of IL-1B at positions +3954, 2511 (C-T transition), and 231 (T-C transition), and IL-1RN variable tandem repeats. Results: In the low prevalence region, the frequencies of the IL-1B +3954 T/T and IL-1RN *2/*2 genotypes were similar. IL-1B 2511T/T genotype frequency was significantly higher among patients with gastric cancer (25.0%) than control subjects (12.5%) (x 2 = 6.7, p = 0.01). In the high prevalence region, the frequencies of the IL-1B +3954T/T and 2511T/T genotypes and the IL-1RN *2/*2 genotype in the cancer and control groups were similar. IL-1B 231C/C genotype frequency was significantly higher among patients with gastric cancer (90.0%) than controls (78.0%) (x 2 = 5.0, p = 0.025). Compared with the low prevalence region, control subjects from the high prevalence region had a higher frequency of the IL-1B 2511T/T genotype (23.0% v 12.5%; x 2 = 7.0, p,0.008). While H pylori infection alone had only a modest effect on the risk of gastric cancer development (odds ratio (OR) 5.0 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5-16.3)), combined with the IL-1B 2511T/T genotype the risk was markedly elevated (OR 17.1, 95% CI 3.8-76.4). Conclusion: IL-1B 2511T/T genotypes are associated with gastric cancer in China. The effect of IL-1B polymorphism is less obvious in areas of high prevalence for gastric cancer.

Our data suggest that the seroprevalence of H. pylori infection has significantly decreased during the 10-year period in Guangzhou. This change may be attributable to the improvement in socioeconomic conditions in this city.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has increased in incidence and prevalence in Asian countries since the end of the 20th century. Moreover, differences in the cause, phenotypes, and natural history of IBD between the East and West have been recognized. Therefore, the Asian Organization for Crohn's and Colitis and the Asia Pacific Association of Gastroenterology have established recommendations on medical management of IBD in Asia. Initially, the committee members drafted 40 recommendations, which were then assessed according to Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation. Eight statements were rejected as this indicated that consensus had not been reached. The recommendations encompass pretreatment evaluation; medical management of active IBD; medical management of IBD in remission; management of IBD during the periconception period and pregnancy; surveillance strategies for colitis‐associated cancer; monitoring side effects of thiopurines and methotrexate; and infections in IBD.