Nowadays the dynamic range of displays has been higher and higher, which means that contents can be recorded and displayed with more detail. However, the original low dynamic range contents were recorded in a lower dynamic range. Such contents will be unsatisfying compared to high dynamic range contents, especially in the saturated, or overexposed region. This paper proposes an algorithm to compensate such exposed regions, which is called automatic high dynamic range image hallucination for inverse tone mapping. Inverse tone-mapping is the process of creating a high dynamic range image from a single low dynamic range image. In this work, high dynamic range image hallucination is used as the key method to reproduce the information which is lost in the low dynamic range image capturing. Previous methods require user interaction as a hallucination criteria, and is not practical in some applications where user interaction is not available. In this paper, the hallucination is performed automatically with the assistance of luminance and texture decoupling process. This scheme produces visually satisfying results and has the potential to be applied to video inverse tone-mapping with its automatic property.
Hypoxemia and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) have been recognized as a threat to life. Nonetheless, information regarding the association between pre-dialytic pulse oximeter saturation (SpO2) level, OSA and mortality risks remains mysterious in patients with maintenance hemodialysis (MHD). Bioclinical characteristics and laboratory features were recorded at baseline. Pre-dialytic SpO2 was detected using a novel microchip LED oximetry, and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) score greater than 10 indicated OSA. Non-adjusted and adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) of all-cause and cardiovascular (CV) mortality were analyzed for pre-dialytic SpO2, OSA and potential risk factors. During 2152.8 patient-months of follow-up, SpO2 was associated with incremental risks of all-cause and CV death (HR: 0.90 (95% CI: 0.82–0.98) and 0.88 (95% CI: 0.80–0.98), respectively). The association between OSA and CV mortality was significant (HR: 3.19 (95% CI: 1.19–9.38). In the multivariate regression analysis, pre-dialytic SpO2 still had an increase in all-cause and CV death risk (HR: 0.88 (95% CI: 0.79–0.98), 0.82 (95% CI: 0.71–0.96), respectively). Considering the high prevalence of silent hypoxia in the post COVID-19 era, a lower pre-dialytic SpO2 level and severe OSA warn clinicians to assess potential CV risks. In light of clinical accessibility, the microchip LED oximetry could be developed as a wearable device within smartphone technologies and used as a routine screen tool for patient safety in the medical system.
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