This research was conducted to select suitable natural organic substrates as potential carbon sources for use as electron donors for biological sulphate reduction in a permeable reactive barrier (PRB). A number of organic substrates were assessed through batch and continuous column experiments under anaerobic conditions with acid mine drainage (AMD) obtained from an abandoned lignite coal mine. To keep the heavy metal concentration at a constant level, the AMD was supplemented with heavy metals whenever necessary. Under anaerobic conditions, sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) converted sulphate into sulphide using the organic substrates as electron donors. The sulphide that was generated precipitated heavy metals as metal sulphides. Organic substrates, which yielded the highest sulphate reduction in batch tests, were selected for continuous column experiments which lasted over 200 days. A mixture of pig-farm wastewater treatment sludge, rice husk and coconut husk chips yielded the best heavy metal (Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn) removal efficiencies of over 90%.
The fluoride adsorption potential of chemically modified rice husk and corn cob activated carbon was investigated in batch and column tests. The effect of pH, contact time, initial fluoride concentration and adsorbent dose on the adsorption capacity and efficiency was studied. Batch experimental results were analysed using analysis of variance. The maximum adsorption capacity of 7.9 and 5.8 mg/g and a removal efficiency of 91% and 89% were achieved in batch tests, respectively, for rice husk and corn cob activated carbon. The adsorption data and kinetic model fitted well to the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetics, respectively. Fluoride adsorption was governed by both intraparticle diffusion and surface or film diffusion for both rice husk and corn cob activated carbon. Continuous tests were carried out using three columns packed with 100% rice husk activated carbon, 100% corn cob activated carbon and 50% rice husk + 50% corn cob activated carbon. The breakthrough adsorption capacities were found to be 7.9, 5.0 and 5.2 mg/g, respectively. The results were analysed using the Thomas model, which yielded adsorption capacities of 11, 8.1 and 9.4 mg/g, respectively, for the three columns investigated.
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