Fruit rot disease of postharvest longan is a major limiting factor for the longan market in Thailand. The causal fungus was identified as Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae based on morphology and analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1-α) partial genes. This is the first record of L. pseudotheobromae causing fruit rot disease of postharvest longan in Thailand. Keywords Dimocarpus longan. Fruit decay. Identification. Phylogenetic tree. Botryosphaeriaceae Longan (Dimocarpus longan) is commercially grown in many countries including China, India, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam (Jiang et al. 2002). In Thailand, longan growing areas cover about 188,574 ha with total production of 1,027,298 t per year. The major production areas in Thailand are located in the northern region consisting of Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Lamphun and Phayao Provinces (Office of Agricultural Economics 2017). Longan fruit is non-climacteric fruit and will not continue to ripen once removed from the tree (Drinnan 2004). Consequently, fruit must be harvested when their skin become yellow-brown and their flesh reaches optimal eating quality. Browning of longan fruits are associated with desiccation, heat stress, senescence, chilling injury and pest or pathogen attack (Pan 1994). The most important fruit rot disease of longan caused by fungi including Lasiodiplodia sp., Pestalotiopsis sp. and Xylaria sp. (Chang-ngern et al.

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Tangerine fruit cv. Sai Nam Phueng was coated with six commercial coatings: Citrashine, Fomesa, Citrosol AK, Supershine-C, Zivdar, and Perfect Shine. Fruit were coated using gloved hands and stored at room temperature (23 ± 3 °C) and 56% ± 5% relative humidity. Physiological and chemical properties were recorded on Days 0, 1, 4, 7, 10, and 13. All coated fruit had lower respiration rates, reduced weight loss, higher gloss, and better appearance than control fruit. Coatings somewhat increased total soluble solids levels, but had no major effects on pH, titratable acidity, or vitamin C contents. Among the various wax formulations, tangerines coated with Zivdar, and to a lesser extent Perfect Shine, had the highest internal O2 and lowest internal CO2 levels, resulting in the lowest juice ethanol levels. Application of other coatings, especially Citrosol AK and Supershine-C, resulted in enhanced accumulation of off-flavors and decreased sensory acceptability.

Fruiting bodies, mycelia, or spores in the form of extracts or powder of various medicinal mushrooms are used to prevent, treat, or cure a range of ailments and balance a healthy diet. Medicinal mushrooms are found in several genera of fungi and their fruit bodies, cultured mycelia, and cultured broth contains phytochemical constituents such as triterpenes, lectins, steroids, phenols, polyphenols, lactones, statins, alkaloids, and antibiotics. Edible mushrooms are considered functional foods that can be used as supplements for complementary and alternative medicines where the markets are growing rapidly. Several species of edible mushrooms possess therapeutic potential and functional characteristics. The psilocybin-containing types, sometimes known as magic mushrooms, have been utilized for generations by indigenous communities due to their hallucinogenic, medicinal, and mind-manifestation properties. Recent clinical research also convinces that these psychedelics have the potential to treat addiction, depression, anxiety, and other mental health concerns. This has escalated the demand for the natural products derived from the mushrooms of these sources, yet the agronomic aspect and biotechnology approaches to produce the active ingredients are not collectively documented. The objectives of this review article are to examine the general type and variation of therapeutic mushrooms, especially those belonging to the Psilocybe. The biotechnology approach for cultivation and the production of secondary metabolites is also appraised. The ultimate purposes are to provide guidance for farmers and companies to pursue sustainable ways to produce natural products for the development of functional food and pharmaceuticals and to support the alteration of the stigmatic drug concerns around psychedelic mushrooms.