different paradigms can appreciate good science, there remain some deep tensions among researchers who hold different views. The dialogue offered is an attempt to understand particular differences in perhaps some new ways. The dialogue described here occurs between two researchers. Researcher one (R1) represents the natural science paradigm, by which we mean ontological beliefs in an objective reality, deterministic laws, and probabilistic relationships and related epistemological notions of operationalization, measurement, control, intervention, theory testing, and inference making. Researcher two (R2) represents the human science paradigm, meaning ontological beliefs in constructed reality, situated freedom, irreducibility, and mutual process and epis-Editor's Note: Send manuscripts concerning research using nursing theories and models, new research methods, or research issues pertinent to nursing's epistemology to Violet M. Malinski, RN, PhD, Associate Professor, Hunter
The Basis of Ethics in the Human Becoming Theory Originating in the human sciences, the human becoming theory breaks from the natural science tradition that underpins most of nursing and other health disciplines. Parse (1981, 1998) synthesized two foundational tenets of the theoryhuman subjectivity and intentionality-from existential phenomenology. Human subjectivity is the basis for the "unity of the subject-world changing mutual process" (Parse, 1998, p. 15). Intentionality is the tenet that humans are knowing and purposive beings always projecting themselves toward possibilities. Parse views humans as open and present with the universe. The term universe indicates the multidimensionality of human reality; it goes beyond the physicality of environment to encompass infinite possibilities of meaning. Humans experience existence as coexistence with others and the universe and cocreate situations with the universe. As free-willed beings, humans participate in shaping their universe through choosing situations and ways of being with situations. Moreover, although the outcomes of choices cannot be fully known, humans bear full responsibility for choices. Parse's (1998) three assumptions about human becoming describe the human-universe interrelationship as a mutual process. The first assumption is that human becoming is "choosing personal meaning in situation in the intersubjective process of living value priorities" (p. 29). A human being incarnates chosen meanings and past and present values. The second assumption is that human becoming is cocreating "rhythmical patterns of relating in mutual process with the universe" (p. 29). Continuously changing yet the same, rhyth
It is widely accepted that scientific merit and research ethics are closely related. And yet, while the ethical principles that guide research are uncontested, the meaning of scientific merit is open to interpretation based on one's philosophical perspective and research tradition. When adherents of the natural science tradition use the criteria of that tradition to evaluate research situated in the human science tradition, misunderstanding and misjudgment will result. This unfortunate situation has negative implications for the flourishing of human science nursing and, ultimately, may deprive society of opportunities to benefit from humanistic practice aimed at enhancing the quality of life for recipients of healthcare. In such circumstances, it behooves nurses committed to human science nursing to continue to vigorously articulate and pursue their values and ethics concerning nursing research and healthcare.
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