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<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Kangaroo care (KC) is defined by the World Health Organization as a method of care consisting in putting premature infants or newborns in skin-to-skin contact with their parents. KC is an effective method of promoting health and well-being of infants and their families. Physiological stability during KC has been widely analyzed, however with controversial results. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> A systematic review was conducted. Electronic databases searched included MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and Scopus. Two authors independently reviewed and extracted information using a data extraction form. The methodological quality of the observational studies was assessed using “STROBE” and the “Cochrane Collaboration tool” for randomized controlled trials. The physiological monitoring parameters included were heart rate (HR), arterial oxygen saturation (SpO₂), regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rScO₂), and fractional oxygen extraction (FtOE). <b><i>Results:</i></b> A total of 345 articles were identified. First, 302 articles were excluded by title and then 34 articles after full-text analysis. Finally, a total of 25 studies were included. Physiological parameters monitored (HR, SpO₂, rScO₂, and FtOE) showed no significant changes at different study periods: pre-KC, during KC, and post-KC. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> We conclude that stable preterm infants receiving or not respiratory support show no significant differences in HR, SpO₂, FtOE during KC compared to routine incubator care. rScO₂ remains stable during KC with slight upward trend. Further studies with a higher level of methodological quality are needed to confirm these findings.

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Aim To verify if the concentrations of caffeine in saliva are comparable to the serum concentrations in preterm infants treated with caffeine for apnoea of prematurity. Methods Prospective observational study. Eligible patients were newborn infants < 37 weeks of gestational age treated with oral or intravenous caffeine for apnoea of prematurity. Two paired samples of saliva-blood were collected per patient. Tube solid phase microextraction coupled on-line to capillary liquid chromatography with diode array detection were used for analysis. Results A total of 47 newborns with a median gestational age 28 [26–30] weeks and mean of 1.11 ± 0.4 kg of birth weight. Median postmenstrual age, when samples were collected, was 31 [29–33] weeks. Serum caffeine median levels of 19.30 µg/mL [1.9–53.90]and salivary caffeine median levels of 16.36 µg/mL [2.20–56.90] were obtained. There was a strong positive Pearson’s correlation between the two variables r = 0.83 (p < 0.001). Conclusion The measurement of caffeine salivary concentrations after intravenous or oral administration offers an alternative to serum caffeine monitoring in apnoea of prematurity.

Aim:The aim of this study was to appraise the feasibility and reproducibility of applying a validated analytical method to determine salivary oxidative stress biomarkers in newborn infants. Methods:Prospective observational single-centre study was carried out in level III neonatal intensive care unit. Eligible patients were preterm infants and healthy fullterm newborn infants. Salivary samples were analysed in the chromatographic system.Results: A total of 23 premature newborn infants and 13 full-term newborns were included. We analysed salivary levels of oxidative stress biomarkers for 5-F 2t isoprostane, 15-E 2t isoprostane, prostaglandin E 2 and prostaglandin F2α. The multivariate predictive model showed a positive association between female and 5-F 2t isoprostonae, and between female sex and prostglandin F2α. In addition, we found a positive association between gestational age and levels of prostaglandin E 2 . Furthermore, in the premature group, we found a positive association between the inspired fraction of oxygen and levels of prostaglandin G 2 . Conclusion:We identified and determined lipid peroxidation biomarkers in term and preterm newborn infants' saliva using specific and validated mass spectrometry technology.