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Introduction: The long head of the biceps (LHB) is often resected in shoulder surgery. However, its contribution to inflammatory processes in the shoulder remains unclear. In the present study, inflamed and noninflamed human LHBs were comparatively characterized for features of inflammation. Materials and methods: Twenty-two resected LHB tendons were classified into inflamed (n ¼ 11) and noninflamed (n ¼ 11) samples. For histological examination, samples were stained with hematoxylin eosin, Azan, van Gieson, and Masson Goldner trichrome. Neuronal tissue was immunohistochemically visualized. In addition, specific inflammatory marker gene expression of primary LHB-derived cell cultures were analyzed. Results: Features of tendinopathy, such as collagen disorganization, infiltration by inflammatory cells, neovascularization, and extensive neuronal innervation were found in the tendinitis group. Compared to noninflamed samples, inflamed LHBs showed a significantly increased inflammatory marker gene expression Conclusion: Structural and biomolecular differences of both groups suggest that the LHB tendon acts as an important pain generator in the shoulder joint. These findings can, on the one hand, contribute to the understanding of the biomolecular genesis of LHB tendinitis and, on the other hand, provide possibilities for new therapeutic approaches.

Both, patellar tendon and semitendinosus tendon are safe autografts for ACL reconstruction. Regarding graft selection, individual patient-dependent factors should be considered. ACL reconstruction cannot fully restore pre-injury status of knee joint function in the majority of cases.

During arthroscopic Bankart-repair the lasso-loop-stitch can be used. The clinical outcome of this technical modification to a broadly used procedure is not known. We followed-up 24 patients treated with this technique over 30 months. We found an excellent clinical outcome in 96% of all cases. The average Rowe-score was 96.3 points. The mean QuickDash was 2.8 points. Using the lasso-loop-stitch in arthroscopic Bankart-repair is safe and results in very good clinical outcomes. It might lead to an accentuated labral bump and enables secure knot-tying with knot-positioning away from the articular cartilage while avoiding the suture cutting through the tissue.

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