ABSTRACT. This article is interested in the evolution of forms of employment and organizations as hybridization employment and entrepreneurship (or employment and freelancing). Through this exploratory research, we wish to share our first grounded reports on this reflection. Our preliminary results are based on fieldwork carried out between November 2014 and November 2016 by the network RGCS (Research Group on Collaborative Spaces) and in particular on: (1) some descriptive statistics stemming from the online investigation led in 2016 on the transformations of work and its spaces; (2) empirical observations based on data collected during the organization of 52 events (workshops, seminars, etc.) in 7 countries and 82 visits of third-places and other collaborative spaces realized in about ten countries. Having replaced in a historical perspective the evolution of work and the forms of employment and having clarified the adopted methodology, we present our reports by distinguishing the individual level of the new working practices of the organizational level. In regards to the individual dimension, we are interested in the forms of employmententrepreneurship hybridization that represent the case of slashers and alternated entrepreneurship. In regards to the organizational dimension, we underline the increasing hybridization between employees and entrepreneurs (or freelancers) within certain types of communities and modes of governance mixing employees, freelancers, and entrepreneurs (excubation, transition, open innovation, new forms of community management) or still in relation with collaborative social movements (more and more imported in an organizational frame).
Phenomenological, process-based and post-Marxist approaches have stressed the immanent nature of the ontogenesis of our world. The concept of performativity epitomizes these temporal, spatial and material views. Reality is always in movement itself: it is constantly materially and socially 'performed'. Other views lead to a pre-defined world that would be mostly revealed through sensations (i.e. 'representational perspectives'). These transcendental stances assume that a subject, although pre-existing experience, is the absolute condition of possibility of it. In this paper, we develop another view of performativity (either complementary or interrelated to an immanent stance), one that re-introduces transcendence in the analysis but sees in it something dialogical to the process itself. We draw from the notions of visibility-invisibility and continuity-discontinuity (Merleau-Ponty, 1945, 1964 in order to show how everyday activity both performs and makes visible the world.From that perspective, modes of visibility appear as emergent conditions of possibility of performativity itself. We draw some implications for the conceptualization of management practices.
This edited book concentrates on the materiality of artefacts, practices, and organizations and on their historical dimensions. The book combines the recent scholarly interest on sociomateriality with a deep fascination with time and a secular perspective. It adds a time dimension that complements the spatial focus of the first book on “Materiality and Space” published by Palgrave Macmillan in 2013
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