La localisation des centres de transbordement où s'opère le changement de mode ou de réseau de transport intervient de façon déterminante dans la compétitivité du transport multimodal. L'objet de cette contribution est de discuter cette problématique en l'envisageant sous l'angle particulier de la théorie de la localisation. Ainsi, la localisation de centres de transbordement entre réseaux est définie comme un problème de type discret qui cherche à localiser des unités (équipements techniques) permettant le transfert dun réseau à un autre avec pour objectif de réduire les coûits de transport totaux. Une formulation mathématique de ce problème, reposant sur de la programmation linéaire en nombres entiers, est proposée et argumentée. La souplesse de cette formulation autorise plusieurs extensions qui peuvent être combinées de manière à représenter diverses situations rencontrées dans la pratique.
An attempt at modelling the optimal location of transshipment points in a multimodal system. — Multimodality can be a competitive alternative for the transport of people or goods. An important factor in this competitiveness is the location of transshipment points, i.e. the junctions between different transport modes or networks. This paper discusses this issue from the angle of location theory. The location of transshipment points is defined as a distinct issue involving the optimal location of facilities for transfers from one network to another with the objective of reducing total transport costs. These costs are defined as the sum of the transshipment costs and the cost(s) associated with the transport mode(s) operating on each network; these latter costs are a function of the distance covered on each network and of the volumes transported. An analytical solution is proposed and discussed. An example of application to freight transport in Belgium illustrates its relevance.
This article forms part of a wider research project which aims to pick out in expressions of popular religion a cultural pool which can provide an alternative to the invasion of cultural models imported, by the media in particular, from the West. The historical content of religious practices, although frequently obli terated by unconsciousness and by successive alienations, nearly always constitutes a capital of popular restistance to attacks on the poor. What we are concerned with is how it is possible to move from simple resistance to active mobilization through the religious medium. The case of Peru, with the two examples considered (an Andean sanctuary and an Afro-Peruvian procession) can in all probability be applied to other cases of marginality in both the Third World and industrialized society. The advantage with Peru is that the social and cultural contradictions inherited from colo nial and republican history are very sharp, indeed caricatured.
L'objectif de cet article est de tester l'influence de la forme du réseau de communication sur les résultats des modèles de localisation-affectation optimales appliqués aux activités humaines. Des simulations sont effectuées sur un lattis hexagonal de points ainsi que sur un lattis carré. Plusieurs formes de réseaux y sont envisagées. La p-médiane est utilisée. Nos résultats indiquent que la structure géographique du réseau exerce une nette influence sur divers aspects de la localisation d'une offre et de l'affectation de la demande à cette offre.
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