Páginas 00-00 Chungara Revista de Antropología Chilena This work presents the results of a study of mining-metallurgical production in late pre-Hispanic times in the Collahuasi Mining District (Northern Chile), specifically examining the technology employed and changes in the scale of production. We focus on recent results obtained in a study of 50 pyrometallurgical furnaces identified at the Ujina 8 and Ujina 10 archaeological sites and their relation to Collahuasi 37, the metallurgical camp located in very close vicinity. This makes Ujina 8, Ujina 10, and Collahuasi 37 the largest pre-Hispanic copper production center in Northern Chile. Metallurgical and mineral evidences recovered from these sites were subjected to archaeometric analyses in order to determine the nature of the smelted ore, the complexity of the metallurgical processes used, and the composition of the copper metal produced. The technology and organization of pre-Hispanic copper production observed at Collahuasi will be discussed in the context of pre-Inca and Inca mining-metallurgical systems already identified in northern Chile, especially in regard to the smelting technique and scale of production.Palabras claves: Copper mining, copper smelting, wind furnace, Northern Chile, Collahuasi, Late Intermediate Period, Inca. En este trabajo se exponen los resultados acerca de la producción minero-metalúrgica en momentos prehispánicos tardíos en el distrito de Collahuasi (norte de Chile) a partir de un estudio de la tecnología empleada así también como de los cambios de la escala de producción. Nos centraremos en los resultados recientes del estudio de las estructuras pirometalúrgicas de
Northern Chile is home to the world’s largest copper ore deposits, which have been exploited for thousands of years by different groups, at varying scales and for different purposes. In this context, it is important to develop new protocols to characterise the mineralogical variability of archaeological copper ores. A comprehensive and representative methodology in the analysis of minerals, the application of non-destructive analytical techniques, and the combination of insights from geological, archaeological and local knowledge are key to developing a copper mineral repository of the Atacama Desert area. Geochemical analyses were applied to the study of 568 samples from the archaeological site Pukara de Turi, with different techniques such as micro-XRF, XRD, QEMSCAN, Raman spectroscopy and technological studies. This exhaustive analysis allowed for the recognition of two mineralogical associations: atacamite/brochantite (99%) and azurite/chrysocolla (1%). The study of various minerals allows data to be interpreted more reliably and to trace the likely geological sources of these minerals. The azurite/chrysocolla samples appear to belong to the same mineral association found in the Cerro Verde district, which is probably the source of these samples. The atacamite/brochantite samples appear to come from more than one geological source, including, but not limited to, Chuquicamata-Radomiro Tomic and El Abra-Conchi.
El Norte de Chile es conocido por la importante explotación cuprífera contemporánea. Las evidencias arqueológicas indican que tal explotación no es un fenómeno moderno, sino que ha existido en el Norte Grande desde al menos el Período Arcaico Tardío. Para identificar las materias primas minerales usadas en los procesos minero-metalúrgicos prehispánicos, hemos desarrollado un nuevo protocolo analítico basado en la mineralogía automatizada (QEMSCAN). Las muestras provienen del distrito minero-metalúrgico prehispánico de Collahuasi, ubicado en la actual región de Tarapacá. A partir de este estudio, se determinó que la mineralogía de las menas utilizadas en las fundiciones metalúrgicas de los sitios del Distrito Collahuasi corresponde a brocantita, malaquita y crisocola; a su vez, se ha podido poner en evidencia cuál fue el “metal Collahuasi” que circuló en tiempos prehispánicos tardíos.
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