Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of mentalization in the association between adult attachment and interpersonal problems. Methods: The sample consisted of 89 patients with different types of mental disorders who were at the beginning of treatment in one of two medical centers. Both mediational analysis and path analysis were used to test the model. Results: The proposed model revealed a good model fit. The data indicate that mentalization fully mediates the effect of attachment on interpersonal distress. Symptom severity proved to be a strong confounding variable that influenced all other variables and reduced existing effects. Conclusion: We conclude that both mentalization and symptom distress are key components in the association of adult attachment and interpersonal problems. Therefore, we recommend research on integrative psychotherapy concepts rather than unilateral approaches.

ObjectivesAssociations between interpersonal problems and mentalization have rarely been investigated. In this study, we explored patterns of interpersonal problems, mentalization, symptom severity, and attachment during inpatient treatment and at follow‐up. Additionally, we investigated whether mentalization predicts a decrease in interpersonal distress.Method We analyzed time‐series data from patients with mental disorders. Data were collected at the beginning and at the end of inpatient treatment, and approximately 6 months after discharge from hospital.ResultsPatterns of correlations were stable from admission to the hospital until follow‐up. Treatment significantly increased the levels of mentalization and decreased the levels of interpersonal problems and symptom severity, whereas attachment was only partially targeted. Improvements in mentalization significantly predicted reduction in interpersonal distress at each point in time.ConclusionResults revealed characteristic patterns of interpersonal problems, mentalization, symptom severity, and attachment. Mentalization was found to play a key role in the reduction of interpersonal distress.

Objective: The aim of our study was to identify characteristic associations between adult attachment and interpersonal problems, to enhance the understanding of human behavior in close interpersonal relationships. Method:We conducted a systematic review of the scientific literature of the past 15 years. We focused on studies that link the two concepts via correlation. 17 articles fulfilled inclusion criteria and were systematically analyzed.Results: Strong associations were detected between interpersonal distress and both attachment anxiety and avoidance. Furthermore, studies revealed a trend towards associations between friendly-submissive behavior and attachment anxiety, as well as between hostile-dominant interpersonal problems and attachment avoidance. Conclusion:Our findings clearly suggest associations between adult attachment and interpersonal problems and enhance the knowledge about human behavior in interpersonal contact.Keywords: Interpersonal problems; Attachment anxiety; Attachment avoidance; Correlation Key Practitioner Message• This review demonstrates the close association between attachment patterns and interpersonal problems in adults.• Attachment anxiety turned out to be related to friendly submissive interpersonal behavior.• Attachment avoidance was associated with more hostiledominant interpersonal problems.• In line with our findings, we suggest bilateral therapy approaches over strategies that do only focus on either adult attachment or interpersonal behavior.

Background: There are indications of associations between the ability to mentalize and psychological defense mechanisms. However, only a few studies have focused on these associations, and even fewer have included empirical analyses. In the present study, we aimed to fill this research gap by analyzing the link between the ability to mentalize and psychological defense mechanisms in patients with mental disorders. We examined whether changes in defense mechanisms are predicted by an increase in mentalization or whether such changes are only related to reductions in psychopathology and interpersonal problems.Methods: A clinical sample of N = 89 patients was studied during and after inpatient psychiatric rehabilitation. Repeated-measures analyses of variance were performed to determine changes in mentalization, psychological defense, psychopathology, and interpersonal problems over the course of therapy and post-treatment. Linear regression analyses were used to predict the change in defense patterns based on an increase in mentalization.Results: Maladaptive defense mechanisms were significantly reduced during inpatient therapy and remained low until follow-up, whereas neurotic and adaptive defense mechanisms did not change significantly. The results of the regression analyses indicated that mentalization played an important role in the reduction in maladaptive defense during and after inpatient rehabilitation for mental disorders, whereas reductions in psychopathology and interpersonal distress were only partially associated with a reduction in maladaptive defense.Conclusion: We conclude that mentalization is vital for reducing maladaptive defense mechanisms, which are commonly associated with mental disorders. In therapy, an increase in patients' capacity to mentalize may be a practicable approach to diminish maladaptive defense mechanisms.

Objectives To measure mentalization in a feasible manner, various instruments have been designed in recent years. The Brief Reflective Functioning Interview (BRFI) is a short interview that is based on the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI). The aim of both studies was to examine the psychometric properties of the German version of the BRFI and to compare them to those of the AAI. Methods In Study 1, we examined 60 students using the BRFI and the AAI. In Study 2, the validity of the BRFI was examined using a mixed sample of students and patients ( N = 149). Trained coders evaluated the Reflective Functioning Scale (RFS) for the BRFI and the AAI. Results We found a significant positive correlation between the RFS total scores of the BRFI and those of the AAI. In addition, both interviews showed excellent internal consistency. We could also show that persons with mental disorders exhibit lower levels of RF score than mentally stable individuals. Women had higher RF scores in the BRFI than men in both samples. Persons whose mentalization capacity was rated below average in either the BRFI or the AAI also reported significantly lower mentalization ability in the self‐assessment ( p < .01). Conclusions Our results revealed that the RFS scores measured by the BRFI are highly comparable to those measured by the AAI. Our findings support the results of previous studies, suggesting that the BRFI is a reliable, valid and easy‐to‐administer alternative to the AAI. Practitioner points The German version of the Brief Reflective Functioning Interview (BRFI) proved to be a reliable and valid instrument for the assessment of reflective functioning that is shorter in terms of time to complete and the evaluation process than the measurement via the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI). Reflective functioning is negatively associated with psychopathology.