Rice-husk ash (RHA) is prepared from a by-product of rice production. Its main component is silic dioxide. Thanks a zeolite-like structure, it could be used as an adsorbent. In this study, RHA was used to remove some antibiotic and anti-inflammatory drugs in aqueous medium such as Cefuroxim, Dexamethasone, Methylprednisolone, Prednisolon. These drugs are recommended to use at home for Covid-19 patients. The RHA has a specific surface area of 179.797 m2/g), the pore size of 63.547 m2/g, the average particle size of 3.8 mm. The zeta potential of RHA in distilled water of -42.5 V, the point of zero charge of 6.7. The main composition of elements in RHA is Si, O, C. Among investigated samples, the Cefuroxim adsorption efficiency of RHA is the best, with a adsorption capacity reached 1.43 mg.g-1 and adsorption efficiency reached 86.00 % at the optimum adsorption condition of pH solution of 7, adsorption time of 150 min, RHA weight of 0.3 g and the initial drug concentration of 5.0 mg.L-1.
Background The large health costs associated with preterm births have been well documented in high income countries. Relatively little data on this issue is currently available from developing countries. The aim of this study was to assess private and public costs associated with preterm births in Vietnam. Methods This cross-sectional study used medical and financial data from one provincial and one national hospital in Vietnam. Cost data for all infants discharged from the two hospitals in 2017 was collected and analyzed. Results Average total medical cost per child was USD 1643.52 in the national hospital and USD 668.94 in the provincial hospital. Mean medical out-of-pocket expenditure was USD 60 at the national hospital. No medical out-of-pocket expenditure was reported at the provincial hospital when parents complied with national health insurance policies. Substantial out-of-pocket expenditure was incurred by those who bypassed lower-level facilities. Parents seeking care at specialized hospitals without medical authorization paid on average an additional USD 240, which equates to 111% of the average monthly wage in Vietnam. Conclusions This study suggests that the average medical costs of preterm infants in Vietnam are substantial. The average co-payment for families who complied with national health insurance policy was USD 39. The average out-of-pocket costs of preterm infants who bypassed lower-level facilities without referral authorization were about six times higher than those of infants who had a proper transfer.
Purpose Despite improvements in maternal and child health in Vietnam, sustained efforts are required to improve healthcare quality and resolve persistent disparities, highlighting the universal significance of customer satisfaction in healthcare. This study aims to assess patient satisfaction with healthcare services and associated factors at obstetrics-gynecology and pediatric hospitals across different geographical areas in Vietnam. Patients and Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2019 among 647 patients or caregivers of hospitalized children at three major obstetrics-gynecology and pediatric hospitals, representing different geographical areas in Northern Vietnam. A Ministry of Health-approved satisfaction instrument was utilized to assess patient satisfaction. The instrument included 31 items measuring five dimensions of perceived satisfaction. Exploratory factor analysis examined the construct validity of the satisfaction measurement, and multivariate linear regression determined the factors associated with patient satisfaction. Results Among the 643 participants, 520 were female (89.87%), and nearly half were aged 18–29 years old (43.7%). Factor analysis revealed three dimensions: “Competency and Outcomes”, “Accessibility and Procedures”, and “Facilities and Equipment”, with mean domain scores of 4.6 ± 0.43, 4.28 ± 0.67, and 4.53 ± 0.51, respectively. The proportion of participants completely satisfied with overall service quality was 48.52%, and expectation met was 34.53%. Multivariate linear regression indicated that patients from hospitals in the Red River Delta region had higher satisfaction scores than those in the Middle region across all domains (p<0.05). Higher health insurance coverage was associated with increased satisfaction, while education level, economic status, and ethnicity also influenced satisfaction. Conclusion The study revealed moderate to high levels of satisfaction among patients at three major obstetrics-gynecology and pediatric hospitals in northern Vietnam. The findings may provide useful evidence for implementing hospital quality control in Vietnam, focusing on patient-centered goals.
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