This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the efficacy of fluorescence-based methods, visual inspections, and photographic visual examinations in initial caries detection. A literature search was undertaken in the PubMed and Cochrane databases. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed, and eligible articles published from 1 January 2009 to 30 October 2019 were included if they met the following criteria: they (1) assessed the accuracy of methods of detecting initial tooth caries lesions on occlusal, proximal, or smooth surfaces in both primary and permanent teeth (in clinical); (2) used a reference standard; (3) reported data regarding the sample size, prevalence of initial tooth caries, and accuracy of the methods. Data collection and extraction, quality assessment, and data analysis were conducted according to Cochrane standards Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2. Statistical analyses were performed using Review Manager 5.3 and STATA 14.0. A total of 12 eligible articles were included in the meta-analysis. The results showed that the sensitivity and specificity of fluorescence-based methods were 80% and 80%, respectively; visual inspection was measured at 80% and 75%, respectively; photographic visual examination was measured at 67% and 79%, respectively. We found that the visual method and the fluorescence method were reliable for laboratory use to detect early-stage caries with equivalent accuracy.
This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial resistance profile, multidrug resistance (MDR), and molecular characteristics of pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus isolates among hospitalized Vietnamese adults. Two-hundred twenty-three pathogenic S. aureus isolates were collected from hospitals in three regions of Vietnam. The minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined for antibiotic susceptibility of isolates. The molecular characteristics of S. aureus isolates were investigated using analysis of antibiotic-resistant genes, staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec typing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and multilocus sequence typing. Substantial differences among three regions were found in the rates of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (north: 48.6%, central: 58.7%, south: 78.9%) and MDR (north: 65.8%, central: 79.7%, and south: 84.2%). The rates of genes tetK/M, aacA/aphD, ermA/B/C, and mecA increased substantially from north to south. ST188-SCCmecIV and ST239-SCCmecII isolates were most commonly found in the two largest clusters. The ST188 predominance was observed in the largest cluster in methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus isolates including SCCmecIII and SCCmecIVa in fatal cases. Our results revealed a high occurrence of MDR and a possible northsouth trend in antibiotic resistance profile, MDR patterns, and rates of antibiotic-conferring genes among the S. aureus isolates. The ST188 predominance raises concerns about the globally important host-adapted ST188 in East Asian populations.
Certain species within the genus Panax L. (Araliaceae) contain pharmacological precious ginsenosides, also known as ginseng saponins. Species containing these compounds are of high commercial value and are thus of particular urgency for conservation. However, within this genus, identifying the particular species that contain these compounds by morphological means is challenging. DNA barcoding is one method that is considered promising for species level identification. However, in an evolutionarily complex genus such as Panax, commonly used DNA barcodes such as nrITS, matK, psbA-trnH, rbcL do not provide species-level resolution. A recent in silico study proposed a set of novel chloroplast markers, trnQ-rps16, trnS-trnG, petB, and trnE-trnT for species level identification within Panax. In the current study, the discriminatory efficiency of these molecular markers is assessed and validated using 91 reference barcoding sequences and 38 complete chloroplast genomes for seven species, one unidentified species and one sub-species of Panax, and two outgroup species of Aralia L. along with empirical data of Panax taxa present in Vietnam via both distance-based and tree-based methods. The obtained results show that trnQ-rps16 can classify with species level resolution every clade tested here, including the highly valuable Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv. We thus propose that this molecular marker to be used for identification of the species within Panax to support both its conservation and commercial trade.
In this paper the authors present the error estimation in determining main parameters of earthquake hypocenter based on solving the system of linear equations, expressing the relationship between earthquake coordinates and the coordinates of the seismic stations. The results of the error estimation in determining the epicenter coordinates and the focus depth of the earthquakes recorded by the system of 30 seismic stations in Vietnam are presented, interpreted and compared with the results of the previous studies.The results show that the operation of the seismic network of Vietnam is not really optimal, particularly when determining the epicenter coordinates and the focus depth of the earthquakes in the East Vietnam Sea region.The national seismic network of Vietnam allows determination of the epicenter coordinates and the focal depth of earthquakes for most of the Vietnam territory with the errors ∆h ≤ 20 km, ∆φ ≤ 4 km, ∆ ≤ 5 km. The errors of the determination of the epicenter coordinates and the focal depth of the earthquakes are increasing to the south and southwest areas of the territory of Vietnam and reach the maximum in these areas. Particularly, errors of the determination of the epicenter coordinates (∆φ, ∆λ) and the focal depth (∆h) of earthquakes increase very rapidly toward the East Sea of Vietnam and reach the maximum in the region between the longitudes of 116-118°E.The Vietnam seismic network allows determining the epicenter coordinates and the focal depth of earthquakes in the Northern Vietnam with the smaller errors than in Central and Southern Vietnam, and this fact proves that the distribution of seismic network in the Northern Vietnam is more optimal than the station networks in the Central and Southern Vietnam. Therefore, in order to improve the effectiveness of the Vietnam seismic network, more seismic stations need to be added to the Central and Southern Vietnam.
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