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Background Probiotics can release bioactive substances known as postbiotics, which can inhibit pathogenic microorganisms, improve immunomodulation, reduce antioxidant production, and modulate the gut microbiota. Methods In this study, we evaluated the in vitro antimicrobial effects, antioxidant activity, and anti-inflammatory potential of 10 lyophilized cell-free supernatants (LCFS) of Lactobacillus isolates. LCFS was obtained via centrifugation and subsequent lyophilization of the supernatant collected from the culture medium ofeach isolate. The antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of the LCFS were determined using broth microdilution. The antioxidant potential was evaluated by measuring the total phenolic and flavonoid contents and 2,2-Diphennyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation (ABTS+) radical scavenging activities. Results All the isolates were able to inhibit the four tested pathogens. The isolates exhibited strong antibiofilm activity and eradicated the biofilms formed by Acinetobacter buamannii and Escherichia coli. All the prepared Lactobacillus LCFS contained phenols and flavonoids and exhibited antioxidant activities in the DPPH and ABTS+ radical scavenging assays. The MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay revealed that LCFS was not cytotoxic to RAW 264.7 cells. In addition, the ten Lactobacillus LCFS decreased the production of nitric oxide. Conclusions All the isolates have beneficial properties. This research sheds light on the role of postbiotics in functional fermented foods and pharmaceutical products. Further research to elucidate the precise molecular mechanisms of action of probiotics is warranted.

Background The increasing prevalence of broad-spectrum ampicillin-resistant and third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, particularly Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, has become a global concern, with its clinical impacts on both human and veterinary medicine. This study examined the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility, and molecular genetic features of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates from 10 types of raw vegetables. Methods In total, 305 samples were collected from 9 markets in Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand, in 2020. Results ESBL-producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates were found in 14 of the 305 samples obtained from 7 out of 10 types of vegetables (4.6% of the total). Further, 14 ESBL-producing E. coli (n = 5/14) and K. pneumoniae isolates (n = 9/14) (1.6% and 3.0%, respectively) were highly sensitive to β-lactam/carbapenem antibiotics (imipenem, 100%). ESBL-producing E. coli (n = 4) and K. pneumoniae isolates (n = 8) were also sensitive to non-β-lactam aminoglycosides (amikacin, 80.00% and 88.89%, respectively). ESBL producers were most resistant to β-lactam antibiotics, including ampicillin (85.71%) and the cephalosporins cefotaxime and ceftazidime (64.29%). The most frequently detected gene in ESBL-producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae was blaSHV. However, two ESBL-producing E. coli isolates also carried three other ESBL-encoding variants, blaTEM, blaCTX-M1, blaGES and blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M9, which may be due to their association with food chains and humans. Discussion Indeed, our results suggest that raw vegetables are an important source of ESBL-resistant E. coli and K. pneumoniae, which are potentially transmittable to humans via raw vegetable intake.

Purpose COVID-19 has become a global pandemic. Since the Thai government announced its pandemic-related restrictions, economic indicators have inevitably been impacted. Micro, small, and medium enterprise (MSME) entrepreneurs have adapted to the unexpected changes, undoubtedly requiring government assistance. Therefore, this study assessed the prevalence of anxiety and depression in MSME restaurant entrepreneurs after the government announced its COVID-19-related restrictions. Patients and Methods An online questionnaire was developed and distributed to MSME entrepreneurs’ restaurants in Songkhla province, southern Thailand, in November 2021. Thai Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scales (Thai HADS) were used to assess the prevalence of anxiety and depression. Multiple logistic regression was used to analyze the factors associated with depression and anxiety, and the adjusted odds ratio (OR) for both variables was reported at a P -value < 0.05 for significance. Results In total, 181 MSME restaurant entrepreneurs responded to our online questionnaire in November 2021. The prevalence of anxiety and depression was 12.2% and 11.6%, respectively. Participants with a family history of psychological disorders (OR 34.9, P -value 0.003), an underlying disease (OR 7.14, P -value 0.032), a high debt-to-income ratio (OR 73.75, P -value 0.007), or a low education level were more likely to have anxiety. Similarly, participants who had an underlying disease (OR 14.29, P -value 0.032) and lacked access to supportive measures from the government (OR 6.94, P -value 0.009) were more likely to suffer from depression. Conclusion The period of restrictive policies during the COVID-19 pandemic had a negative impact on MSME restaurant entrepreneurs’ mental health. The factors that were significantly associated with anxiety were debt-to-income ratio and concern about COVID-19 prevention and treatment. The factors that were significantly associated with depression included inadequate access to government aid. Hence, the government should focus on providing and allocating healthcare resources during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background and Aim: Probiotics are beneficial microorganisms that play important roles by adhering to the gut and producing antimicrobial substances to inhibit pathogens. The objective of this study was to isolate and characterize the probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from Palmyra palm sugar, which can produce antimicrobial compounds against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a new zoonotic and food-borne pathogens. Materials and Methods: Twenty-six LAB isolates were isolated from 30 Palmyra palm sugar samples. Three selected LAB were further characterized as probiotics. In addition, the antibacterial and anti-biofilm-forming activities of the probiotics' culture supernatants against MRSA and food-borne pathogens were investigated. Finally, the selected probiotics were identified by aligning 16S rRNA sequences. Results: The three confirmed probiotics, WU 0904, WU 2302, and WU 2503, showed strong antibacterial activities against S. aureus, MRSA, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes, as measured by a broth microdilution assay. Among the LAB isolates, 82.22-86.58%, 91.83-96.06%, and 64.35-74.93% exhibited resistance to low pH, pancreatin treatment, and bile salts, respectively. It was found that 59.46% and 83.33% auto-aggregation was observed in 2 and 24 h, respectively. Moreover, 50.25-57.24% adhesion was detected after the incubation of the bacterial cells to Caco-2 cells. . Biofilm inhibition (82.81-87.24%) was detected after the treatment of MRSA with the culture supernatants, when compared with that to the control. By the alignment of 16S rRNA sequences, the isolate WU 2302 was identified as Lacticaseibacillus spp. with 98.82% homology when compared to the GenBank database. Conclusion: This study indicates that isolated probiotics can produce antimicrobial compounds against MRSA and food-borne pathogens. The obtained results strongly suggest that these probiotics are promising candidates for pharmaceutical products.

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Objective: To determine the prevalence and associated factors of delayed diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) among outpatients in a tertiary hospital.Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted among outpatients aged ≥35 years with twice fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels ≥126 mg/dl between 1 January 2018, and 31 December 2020. The prevalence and pattern of delayed diagnosis of DM were defined using the Thai Clinical Practice Guideline (CPG) for Diabetes, 2017, and the American Diabetes Association (ADA) 2017. The cut-off time for FPG level confirmation of 3 months was used to evaluate delayed diagnoses and associated factors. Multiple logistic regression was used to identify variables associated with delayed diagnoses.Results: Of 260 participants, 96.9% and 85.4% had delayed diagnoses as defined by the Thai CPG and the ADA, respectively. Factors significantly associated with delayed diagnosis were hypertension, non-cash insurance, and &gt;10 years of physician experience.Conclusion: Undiagnosed diabetes and diagnosis delay should be a concern in tertiary settings. Senior physicians should focus on patients with higher FPG levels, particularly those who have hypertension, and use non-cash insurance schemes.