Scottish National Health Service (NHS) stroke costs have been estimated for 1988 using accounting methods, updating a similar study for 1974. Stroke mortality in Scotland decreased by 36% between 1974 and 1988, but stroke NHS costs decreased only slightly, from 4.7 to 4.3% of total NHS costs. Stroke bed days as a proportion of total bed days rose from 6.4% in 1974 to 7.5% in 1988 and stroke hospital costs were 5.5% of total hospital costs of £4,600 per discharge. This figure is more than twice a preliminary Diagnosis Related Group (DRG 14) price suggested to Scottish Health Board managers in 1990 as an indicative charge for non-resident stroke patients.
It is conventional wisdom that scientific research is crucial to the wealth of nations. This view has influenced political thinking since Vannevar Bush, the MIT computer engineer who coordinated US defense research in World War II, first expounded it in his 1945 book, Science, the Endless Frontier. In it he wrote: “New products and processes are founded on new principles and conceptions which, in turn, are developed by research in the purest realms of science.” This has come to mean that the technological innovations so vital to economic competitiveness frequently depend upon scientific discoveries that usually emerge from the research base fixed firmly in universities, government laboratories and some large corporate organizations. Indeed, the connection of research and development with economic and social advancement is now a political maxim the world's great industrial nations (and those that aspire to greatness) have adopted, although sometimes more in principle than in practice.
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