Ernest Gellner (1983) considered that, like nations, ethnic groups were 'invented'. The analogy is all the more accurate in that the nation-state model, at least in the form it had in nineteenth-century European nationalisms, is the main model pursued by most ethnic politicians. They regard ethnic groups as true nations not only in their naturehomogeneous, specific, and immutable communitiesbut also in the rights they should be entitled toan exclusive territory and political sovereignty over it. Nevertheless, the most recent history shows such fictions often becoming realities, in the form of identities that ordinary people sincerely assume for themselves. So, if ethnic groups are invented, or at least 're-invented', two questions emerge: firstly, out of what original elements and by what processes are they shaped? And secondly:
Ecuador's new constitution, approved in 2008, establishes the basis for a new model of the nation-state, characterized as progressively transnational, that attempts to protect both Ecuadoreans living abroad and foreigners residing in the country. It recognizes the right to migrate and the transnational family and advocates universal citizenship, the free movement of all inhabitants of the planet, and the eventual end of the status of foreigner as an element of the transformation of unequal relations between countries.En la nueva constitución de la República del Ecuador, probada en el año 2008, se sienta las bases de un nuevo modelo de Estado-Nación de carácter cada vez más transnacional que intenta velar por las y los ecuatorianos radicados en el exterior, así como por las personas extranjeras residentes en el país. Reconoce el derecho a migrar, la familia transnacional, ciudadanía universal, la libre movilidad de todos los habitantes del planeta y el progresivo fin de la condición de extranjero como elemento transformador de las relaciones desiguales entre los países.
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