Machine intelligence has become a driving factor in modern society.
However, its demand outpaces the underlying electronic technology due
to limitations given by fundamental physics, such as capacitive
charging of wires, but also by system architecture of storing and
handling data, both driving recent trends toward processor
heterogeneity. Task-specific accelerators based on free-space optics
bear fundamental homomorphism for massively parallel and real-time
information processing given the wave nature of light. However,
initial results are frustrated by data handling challenges and slow
optical programmability. Here we introduce a novel amplitude-only
Fourier-optical processor paradigm capable of processing large-scale
∼
(
1000
×
1000
)
matrices in a single time step and
100 µs-short latency. Conceptually, the information flow direction is
orthogonal to the two-dimensional programmable network, which
leverages
10
6
parallel channels of display
technology, and enables a prototype demonstration performing
convolutions as pixelwise multiplications in the Fourier domain
reaching peta operations per second throughputs. The required
real-to-Fourier domain transformations are performed passively by
optical lenses at zero-static power. We exemplary realize a
convolutional neural network (CNN) performing classification tasks on
2 megapixel large matrices at 10 kHz rates, which latency-outperforms
current graphic processing unit and phase-based display technology by
1 and 2 orders of magnitude, respectively. Training this optical
convolutional layer on image classification tasks and utilizing it in
a hybrid optical-electronic CNN, shows classification accuracy of 98%
(Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology) and 54%
(CIFAR-10). Interestingly, the amplitude-only CNN is inherently robust
against coherence noise in contrast to phase-based paradigms and
features a delay over 2 orders of magnitude lower than
liquid-crystal-based systems. Such an amplitude-only massively
parallel optical compute paradigm shows that the lack of phase
information can be accounted for via training, thus opening
opportunities for high-throughput accelerator technology for machine
intelligence with applications in network-edge processing, in data
centers, or in pre-processing information or filtering toward
near-real-time decision making.
Although root instrumentation has been accepted as the most important cause-related treatment of periodontal diseases, repeated scaling and root planing may over time result in substantive loss of tooth substance and increased sensitivity of the teeth. In an effort to minimize these side effects of therapy, non-root substance removing curettes have been developed. However, the clinical effects of such plastic curettes with regard to the control of the periodontal infection has not yet been established. The aims of this study were, therefore, to compare the effects of root instrumentation using plastic curettes (Universal Perio Soft Scaler, Hawe-Neos Dental, Bioggio, TI, Switzerland) versus conventional steel curettes on the periodontal conditions during supportive periodontal therapy. 40 subjects participated in this parallel, randomized, double blind, prospective longitudinal clinical study following active peridontal therapy. 20 subjects served as a control group and were treated with conventional steel curettes during a supportive periodontal care visit (SPT). The other 20 subjects, the experimental group, were treated using plastic curettes during a similar SPT visit. Clinical parameters, such as bleeding on probing (BOP) and probing pocket depth (PPD), were assessed at baseline and 3-6 months later at the next regular SPT visit. In addition, the BOP percentage was determined 10 days following baseline. The results showed that there were no statistically significant differences between the 2 treatment modalities regarding BOP and PPD at any observation time. Both treatments were effective in reducing the BOP percentage which ranged from 17-42% at baseline by about 40% after 10 days (mean BOP baseline: 26%, mean BOP after 10 days: 16%). This clinical study suggests that non-root substance removing curettes may be valuable instruments for periodontally treated patients during maintenance care, thus minimizing trauma on the hard structures of the teeth.
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