No abstract

Aims/hypothesis Individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus may experience an asymptomatic period of hyperglycaemia, and complications may already be present at the time of diagnosis. We aimed to determine the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in patients with newly diagnosed (screeningdetected) type 2 diabetes. Methods The Gutenberg Health Study is a population-based study with 15,010 participants aged between 35 and 74 years. We determined the weighted prevalence of diabetic retinopathy by assessing fundus photographs. Screeningdetected type 2 diabetes was defined as an HbA 1c concentration of 6.5% (47.5 mmol/mol) or more, no medical diagnosis of diabetes and no intake of insulin or oral glucoselowering agents. Results Of 14,948 participants, 1377 (9.2%) had diabetes mellitus. Of these, 347 (25.2%) had newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes detected by the screening. Overall, the weighted prevalence of screening-detected type 2 diabetes was 2.1%. Fundus photos were evaluable for 285 (82.1%) participants with newly diagnosed diabetes. The weighted prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in screening-detected type 2 diabetes was 13.0%; 12% of participants had a mild non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy and 0.6% had a moderate nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy was proliferative in 0.3%. No cases of severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy or diabetic maculopathy were found. Thirty (14.9%) of 202 and six (7.2%) of 83 individuals with and without concomitant arterial hypertension, respectively, had diabetic retinopathy (OR 2.54, 95% CI 1.06, 7.14). Visual acuity did not differ between individuals with and without diabetic retinopathy . Conclusions/interpretation In this large European study, the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in screening-detected type 2 diabetes was 13%. Only a very small proportion of participants with detected diabetic retinopathy needed treatment.

ObjectiveDiabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of blindness in people of working age. The purpose of this paper is to report the prevalence and cardiovascular associations of diabetic retinopathy and maculopathy (DMac) in Germany.Research Design and MethodsThe Gutenberg Health Study (GHS) is a population-based study with 15,010 participants aged between 35 at 74 years from the city of Mainz and the district of Mainz-Bingen. We determined the weighted prevalence of DR and DMac by assessing fundus photographs of persons with diabetes from the GHS data base. Diabetes was defined as HbA1c ≥ 6.5%, known diagnosis diabetes mellitus or known diabetes medication. Furthermore, we analysed the association between DR and cardiovascular risk factors and diseases.ResultsOverall, 7.5% (1,124/15,010) of the GHS cohort had diabetes. Of these, 27.7% were unaware of their disease and thus were newly diagnosed by their participation in the GHS. The prevalence of DR and DMac was 21.7% and 2.3%, respectively among patients with diabetes. Vision-threatening disease was present in 5% of the diabetic cohort. In the multivariable analysis DR (all types) was associated with age (Odds Ratio [95% confidence interval]: 0.97 [0.955–0.992]; p = 0.006) arterial hypertension (1.90 [1.190–3.044]; p = 0.0072) and vision-threatening DR with obesity (3.29 [1.504–7.206]; p = 0.0029). DR (all stages) and vision-threatening DR were associated with duration of diabetes (1.09 [1.068–1.114]; p<0.0001 and 1.18 [1.137–1.222]; p<0.0001, respectively).ConclusionsOur calculations suggest that more than a quarter-million persons have vision-threatening diabetic retinal disease in Germany. Prevalence of DR was lower in the GHS compared to East-Asian studies. Associations were found with age, arterial hypertension, obesity, and duration of diabetes mellitus.

There are errors in the first sentence of the "Conclusions" subsection of the Abstract. The correct sentence is: Our calculations suggest that approximately 142 000 persons aged between 35 and 74 years have vision threatening diabetic retinal disease in Germany.There are errors in the fourth sentence of the "Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy" subsection of the Discussion. The correct sentence is: The GHS data therefore enables us to state that approximately 142 300 persons in Germany aged between 35 and 74 year are at risk of losing vision secondary to diabetes mellitus (0.33% of 43 123 995 inhabitants) [15].

This study investigates the relationship between diabetic retinopathy (DR) and birth weight (BW) in diabetic subjects sampled from the general population. MethodsThe Gutenberg Health Study (GHS) is a population-based, observational cohort study in participants aged from 35 to 74 years. Criteria for diabetes diagnosis were HbA1c ≥6.5% at study entry, a doctordiagnosis of diabetes, or diabetes medication. The presence of DR was determined by evaluating fundus photographs. BW was assessed by self-reports. GHS participants were divided into three different BW groups (low:<2500g; normal:2500-4000g; high:>4000g). Logistic regression analysis was conducted as uni-and multivariable analysis with adjustment for age and sex. Effect mediators were separately investigated. ResultsA total of 1,124 GHS participants (7.5% of the cohort) had diabetes at study entry. Of these, 402 subjects (35.8%) had gradable fundus photographs, reported BW data and were included into this study. Overall, 91/402 subjects (23%) had DR. With regard to BW groups, DR was descriptively more frequent in subjects with low (28.1% [95%-CI: 14.4% -47.0%; n=32]) and high BW (30.8% [95%-CI:19.1% -45.3%; n=52]) compared to normal BW (20.8% [95%-CI: 16.5% -25.7%; n=318]). Both, high and low BW were associated with DR in multivariable analysis (high: OR=1.68, p=0.037; low: OR=1.81, p=0.05). The BW effect was mediated by duration of diabetes in both BW groups and by arterial hypertension in the low BW group. ConclusionLow and high BW in persons with diabetes is related to higher risk of diabetic retinopathy. Longer duration of diabetes and higher prevalence of arterial hypertension are factors in these subjects explaining the elevated risk.