This paper analyzes how demand-response aggregators, which provide active power reserves, affect frequency control. A rebound effect can occur when the modulation of energy consumption leads to an increased consumption after activation of the reserve. The technical basics are presented together with a model incorporating Continental European control structures including demand-response aggregation, both implemented in SIMULINK. The focus is placed on thermostatically controlled loads, which are typical for real-life demand-response aggregation for the provision of ancillary services. We investigate scenarios with forced outages, ramping behavior, and historical reserve activations. The results imply a negligible impact of the rebound effect in normal operation. Under worst-case assumptions, however, the rebound effect causes power oscillations leading to instabilities in the entire power system.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.