Virtual testbeds model them by seamlessly integrating physical, simulated, and emulated sensor nodes and radios in real time

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In the past five years, many energy-efficient medium access protocols for all kinds of wireless networks (WSNs) have been proposed. Some recently developed protocols focus on sensor networks with low traffic requirements are based on so-called preamble sampling or lowpower listening. The WiseMAC protocol is one of the first of this kind and still is one of the most energy-efficient MAC protocols for WSNs with low or varying traffic requirements. However, the high energy-efficiency of WiseMAC has shown to come at the cost of a very limited maximum throughput.In this paper, we evaluate the properties and characteristics of a WiseMAC implementation in simulation and on real sensor hardware. We investigate on the energyconsumption of the prototype using state-of-the-art evaluation methodologies. We further propose and examine an enhancement of the protocol designed to improve the trafficadaptivity of WiseMAC. By conducting both simulation and real-world experiments, we show that the WiseMAC extension achieves a higher maximum throughput at a slightly increased energy cost both in simulation and real-world experiments.

Cross-layer design has been proposed as a promising paradigm to tackle various problems of wireless communication systems. Recent research has led to a variety of protocols that rely on intensive interaction between different layers of the classical layered OSI protocol architecture. These protocols involve different layers and introduce new ideas how layers shall communicate and interact. In existing cross-layer approaches, the violation of the OSI architecture typically consists in passing information between different adjacent or non-adjacent layers of one single station's protocol stack to solve an optimization problem and exploiting the dependencies between the layers. This paper proposes to go a step further and to consider cross-layer information exchange across different layers of multiple stations involved in multi-hop communication systems. It outlines possible application scenarios of this approach, and trades off between advantages and disadvantages of the proposed multi-hop crosslayer design. It examines an application scheme in a scenario of a wireless sensor network environment operating with a recent energy-efficient power saving protocol.

Abstract. This paper studies the energy-efficiency and service characteristics of a recently developed energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks in simulation and on a real sensor hardware testbed. This opportunity is seized to illustrate how simulation models can be verified by cross-comparing simulation results with real-world experiment results. The paper demonstrates that by careful calibration of simulation model parameters, the inevitable gap between simulation models and real-world conditions can be reduced. It concludes with guidelines for a methodology for model calibration and validation of sensor network simulation models.