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As in previous research, the parents of children with ID and autism experienced more stressors and restrictions in their lives than the parents of children with DS and control families.

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Inhibition was assessed in 144 Swedish children when they averaged 16 months of age using a composite measure tapping sociability toward strange adults, noninvolvement in peer play, and parental ratings of fearfulness. 91 children entered out-of-home care within 2 weeks of these initial assessments. Children were observed in this setting playing with peers; teachers and parents also rated children's adjustment to the out-of-home care settings. 1 and 2 years later, the children were assessed again, both at home and in the alternative care settings. Results showed that individual differences in inhibition were stable over the 2 years of the study. Inhibited children engaged in less high-quality peer play both at home and in the alternative care settings, and they were less able to play alone in their mothers' absence. On contemporaneous but not subsequent ratings, inhibited children had more difficulty adjusting to out-of-home care. Inhibition was not itself affected by out-of-home care experiences, and there were no sex differences in inhibition.

The authors studied the nature and function of the relationships of the comparative level of risk, sense of coherence (SOC), and well‐being, over time, in mothers and fathers of preschool children with and without intellectual disabilities (IDs). The hypothesis that SOC functions as a moderator between risk and well‐being was tested. Parents of children with IDs (mothers: n = 62 (46 at follow‐up) and fathers: n = 49 (37 at follow‐up)) and control parents (mothers: n = 178 (131 at follow‐up) and fathers: n = 141 (97 at follow‐up)) answered self‐report measures on risk factors (i.e., child behavior problems, negative impact on the family and socioeconomic situation) and sense of coherence. Well‐being and quality of life were used as outcomes, and were measured at baseline and at a one‐year follow‐up. The hypothesis of moderation was tested conducting multiple linear regression analyses. The level of well‐being was moderately stable over the two time points, with parents of children with ID having lower level of well‐being than control parents both initially and after one year. Well‐being was also related to level of SOC and cumulative risk with parents experiencing lower SOC or more risk also reporting lower well‐being. The hypothesis of SOC acting as a moderator in the relation between cumulative risk and well‐being found some support in the longitudinal analyses, but only for well‐being (BDI‐2r) among control mothers.

Training, supervision and pathways to care were essential for the implementation of routine screening with the EPDS.

Although parents of children with ID describe negative emotions in relation to the child and the disability, most of these parents also describe positive emotions that seemed to balance the negative experiences.