Research within the anatomical sciences often relies on human cadaveric tissues. Without the good will of these donors who allow us to use their bodies to push

Human cadaveric donors are essential for research in the anatomical sciences. However, many research papers in the anatomical sciences often omit a statement regarding the ethical use of the donor cadavers or, as no current standardized versions exist, use language that is extremely varied. To rectify this issue, 22 editors‐in‐chief of anatomical journals, representing 17 different countries, developed standardized and simplified language that can be used by authors of studies that use human cadaveric tissues. The goal of these editor recommendations is to standardize the writing approach by which the ethical use of cadaveric donors is acknowledged in anatomical studies that use donor human cadavers. Such sections in anatomical papers will help elevate our discipline and promote standardized language use in others non anatomy journals and also other media outlets that use cadaveric tissues.

Background/aims-The use of "fresh" (hypothermically stored) and frozen amniotic membrane (AM) was compared in a patient with cicatricial pemphigoid with stem cell failure. The viability of both "fresh" and frozen AM epithelial cells was assessed after storage. Methods-AM was stored at either +4°C ("fresh") or at −80°C (frozen). A "fresh" graft was applied to the cornea following superficial keratectomy. Subsequently, a further frozen graft was applied to the same eye. Viability of the stored AM epithelium was assessed by investigating membrane integrity and mitochondrial activity. Results-In both cases the cornea reepithelialised and visual acuity improved. Improvement, however, was not sustained. Conclusion-Although both procedures led to an improvement in visual acuity, "fresh" tissue performed no better than frozen in promoting re-epithelialisation. The authors suggest that logistical, safety, and cost considerations outweigh any benefits of using "fresh" as opposed to frozen graft material. (Br J Ophthalmol 2001;85:905-907)

The distance between the posterior ethmoidal foramen and optic canal is more than double the distance quoted in the surgical literature. This is due to a high incidence of ethmoidal foramina variation. Surgeons operating on the medial orbital wall of a Caucasian population must be aware of these variations as they are a source of haemorrhage and act as landmarks of proximity to the optic canal.

IntroductionThe vastus medialis oblique (VMO) is thought to be implicated in patellofemoral pain (PFP), and weakness in this portion of the vastus medialis muscle may lead to PFP. Management includes physiotherapy to strengthen the VMO. Although this intervention has been shown to be effective, the effects on the architecture of the muscle have not been investigated. This study aims to determine the changes in VMO architecture following a program of strengthening exercises. Materials and MethodsTwenty-one male participants underwent an initial ultrasound scan to measure the fibre angle and the insertion level of the VMO on the patella. Each subject then undertook a 6-week quadriceps strengthening program; the scan and measurements were then repeated. ResultsA significant increase in VMO fibre angle and insertion length was observed. Average fibre angle increased by 5.24°; average insertion length increased by 2.7 mm. There was found to be a significant negative correlation between the initial values and the degree of change. Pearson's coefficient of correlation for measurements of patella length taken before and after exercise was 0.921, indicating a high degree of reliability. There was a significant positive correlation between fibre angle change and declared level of compliance (R 2 = 0.796). Conclusions 2The results reported here indicate that physiotherapy leads to a significant change in VMO morphology. Given the inverse correlation noted between initial architectural parameters and the degree of change, we suggest that patients who would benefit most from physiotherapy can be identified in clinic using a simple ultrasound technique.