This article presents an alternative method for the long-term monitoring of heritage pagodas in Thailand. In this method, terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) is used in combination with permanent survey markers. The Wat (temple) Krachee in the Ayutthaya Province of Thailand was chosen as a case study. This temple has several fantastic elements, including an inverted bell-shaped pagoda, two intertwined trees growing within it, and a chamber inside the pagoda. The preservation team working on the pagoda encountered a challenging problem and faced a decision to trim or not to trim the tree since it has a long-term effect on the pagoda’s structural stability. A high-accuracy terrestrial laser scanner was used to collect three-dimensional point cloud data. Permanent survey markers were constructed in 2018 to be used in long-term monitoring. The 3D surveying of the temple and the monitoring of the pagoda were carried out in five sessions during a period ending in 2020. A point cloud data analysis was performed to obtain the current dimensions, a displacement analysis, and the pagoda leaning angle. The results revealed that the terrestrial laser scanner is a high-performance piece of equipment offering efficient evaluation and long-term monitoring. However, in this study, permanent survey markers were also required as a benchmark for constraining each monitoring session. The 3D point cloud models could be matched with the assumption model elements to evaluate the damaged shape and to determine the original form. The significant elements of an inverted bell-shaped pagoda were investigated. Trimming the tree was found to cause the leaning angle of the pagoda to decrease. An equation was developed for predicting the leaning angle of the Wat Krachee pagoda for preservation and restoration planning in the future. From the results of this study, it is recommended that periodic monitoring should continue in order to preserve Thai pagodas in their original forms.
3D laser scanning technology is one of the current technologies for developing a sustainable and smart city. This technology is applied to obtain the three-dimensional information of building in digital format. To preserve the historic structure, the current structural information is required for structural assessment, monitoring, and conservation planning. The data obtained by the 3D laser scanner is normally used to generate the three-dimensional point cloud data of the building surface. The high-density point cloud data represented the dimension, shape, and size of the building in the current state can be acquired in more accurate and faster than another technique. This paper aims to present the application of 3D laser scanning technology for preservation and monitoring of heritage pagoda in Thailand. The pagoda of Wat Krachee located in Ayutthaya province of Thailand was selected as a case study. The results obtained in this study are a part of Wat Krachee conservation project, which is led by UNESCO Bangkok and the Fine Arts Department, Thailand. One of the challenges in Wat Krachee project is how to preserve the masonry pagoda with two intertwined trees growing inside and become a part of pagoda structure. The terrestrial 3D laser scanner was applied to develop the digital data documentation and 3D model of pagoda in the current state. The 3D survey work has been started since February 2018. The analysis of data obtained in February 2018, Mar 2018, July 2018, and July 2019 was carried out. The significant dimensions and deformation of pagoda are monitored. According to the results, it is found that the 3D laser scanning technology is very effective for assessment and monitoring. The 3D point cloud model obtained in this study can be used to develop the assume original model of the Wat Krachee pagoda, which is the inverted bell-shape with a square base.
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