Background
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection can occur through consumption of undercooked pork meat or exposure to animal feces. Because there are scarce data only in developing countries, we assessed whether pigs might be a potential source of human HEV infections in Vietnam. In addition, we determined anti-HEV seroprevalences in the general population and in individuals professionally exposed to pigs and pork meat.
Methods
The study took place in Hanoi, Vietnam. Liver tissues from domestic pigs (n = 210) and serum samples obtained from individuals occupationally exposed to pigs and pork meat (n = 283) and from unexposed healthy controls (n = 168) were screened for HEV-ribonucleic acid (RNA) by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. The exposed group was divided into pork meat vendors (n = 81), pig farmers (n = 96), and slaughterers (n = 106). Serum samples were subjected to HEV immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The HEV genotypes were assessed by direct sequencing, followed by phylogenetic analyses.
Results
Hepatitis E virus seroprevalence was higher among persons occupationally exposed to pigs/pork meat compared with unexposed individuals (anti-HEV IgM 11% vs 6%, P = .07; anti-HEV IgG 53% vs 31%, P < .0001). Positivity of anti-HEV IgG among slaughterhouse staff was 66%, followed by 51% in pig-farmers and 38% in pork meat vendors (P = .00073). A similar trend was observed for IgM positivity. Of the pig liver tissues, 26 of 210 (12.4%) were positive for HEV-RNA and assessed to be HEV genotype 3.
Conclusions
Hepatitis E virus circulates in domestic pigs in Hanoi and constitutes a permanent zoonotic disease risk. The high HEV seroprevalence among occupationally exposed individuals indicates an associated risk of HEV infection.
OSbjective
: The regional distribution and transmissibility of existing COVID-19 variants of concern (VOC) has led to concerns about increased transmission, given the ability of VOCs to evade immunity as breakthrough infections increase.
Methods
: SARS-CoV-2 genomes were sequenced (n=277) and analysed with all available genomes from Vietnam and ASEAN countries to understand the phylodynamics. The observed lineages were assigned using Pangolin nomenclature and spread patterns were investigated.
Results
: Between January 2020 and 08 November 2021, VOCs including alpha (B.1.1.7), beta (B.1.351), gamma (P.1), and delta (B.1.617.2), were observed in ASEAN countries. While alpha and delta were the major VOCs in nine ASEAN countries, delta is the predominant. Among ASEAN countries, alpha VOC was first reported by Singapore, beta VOC by Malaysia, gamma VOC by Philippines and delta VOC by Singapore. Of the first 1000 genomes analysed from Vietnam, alpha and delta are the most represented, with delta being the dominant VOC since May 2021. The delta variant was introduced in early January 2021 and forms a large cluster within the representative genomes.
Conclusion
: Spatial and temporal monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 variants is critical to understanding viral phylodynamics and will provide useful guidance to policy makers for infection prevention and control.
Infections with HEV in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are associated with increased rates of preterm birth, miscarriage, and stillbirth. The aim of the present study was to investigate HEV infections in pregnant women and the possibility of mother-to-child transmission, and associated outcomes. A total of 183 pregnant women in their third trimester were recruited and followed until delivery. Anti-HEV IgG and IgM were determined via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and HEV nucleic acids were detected in stool and cord blood samples. HEV genotypes were identified by Sanger sequencing, and phylogenetic analyses were performed. Mother-to-child transmission and associated adverse outcomes were not observed. Only 2% of patients (n = 4/183) tested positive for anti-HEV IgM, and 8% (n = 14/183) tested positive for anti-HEV IgG antibodies. Cord blood (n = 150) analysis showed that there was no IgM detected, while 4% (n = 6/150) tested positive for anti-HEV IgG, which was consistent with mothers testing positive for anti-HEV IgG. Nucleic acid tests for HEV RNA yielded 2% (n = 4/183) from the serum and stool of pregnant women, and none from cord blood. The HEV isolates belonged to the genotype HEV-3a, with 99% homology with humans and 96% with pigs. No association was found between the risk of HEV infection and pregnancy outcomes or HEV transmission from mother to child. HEV-3 infections of zoonotic origin in pregnancy might have eventually resolved without complications.
The 4th Industrial Revolution gives us a new protocol in learning named “Online learning”, this new kind on learning is special suitable with the quarantine condition cause by COVID-19. However, we are lack of knowledge how to increase results of online learning. This research based on the survey in students who difference in result in the same time using online learning. Thanks for this research, we have some first theories about the competences for students on new learning environment. These theories can be very useful when we want to increase the learning results.
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