strategic human resource management, ethical stewardship, transformative leadership, roles of human resource professionals, ethical duties in human resources, employee commitment,

The moderator effects of perceived risk, objective knowledge and certainty in the satisfaction-loyalty relationship Abstract Purpose -This study discusses and tests the combined role of perceived risk, objective knowledge and certainty as moderators in the satisfaction-loyalty relationship.Design/methodology/approach -The authors use survey data of 387 Vietnamese consumers in a food context. A structural equation modelling (SEM) approach for moderator analysis with latent constructs is used to test the hypotheses.Findings -Perceived risk is a barrier in the forming of loyalty with a negative moderating effect on the satisfaction-loyalty relationship. However, the satisfaction-loyalty relationship is stronger when objective knowledge and certainty increase.Research limitations/implications -Our object and setting is limited to one product category in one market. In addition, other moderators (e.g., situation and ambivalence) can be added. The nature of causality is problematic due to the use of survey design.Practical implications -Customer management based on satisfaction is not sufficient to keep customers' loyalty, especially in the situations of highly perceived risk and uncertainty. Marketing strategies, which reduce consumers' risks, consolidate their confidence and educate them with relevant knowledge, may be effective strategies to increase their loyalty.Originality/value -The study fills several gaps in the present literature. First, it overcomes some shortcomings of previous studies of moderators in the satisfaction-loyalty relationship by testing the combined role of three important moderators. Second, it tests the moderator effect of objective knowledge and adds an additional explanation to previous studies. While some previous studies suggest a negative moderator effect of subjective knowledge, this paper argues for and confirms a positive moderator effect of objective 3 knowledge on this relationship. Finally, it uses SEM for moderator analysis with latent constructs.

We study switched singular systems in discrete time and first highlight that in contrast to continuous time regularity of the corresponding matrix pairs is not sufficient to ensure a solution behavior which is causal with respect to the switching signal. With a suitable index-1 assumption for the whole switched system, we are able to define a one-stepmap which can be used to provide explicit solution formulas for general switching signals.

The aim of this study is to compare the clinical outcomes and to identify risk factors for emergent cesarean delivery and planned cesarean delivery in patients with placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) disorders in Vietnam. The medical records of patients admitted to our hospital with a diagnosis of PAS disorders >5 years were retrospectively reviewed. A total of 255 patients with PAS disorders were identified, including 95 cases in the emergent delivery group and 160 cases in the planned delivery group. The percentage of complete/partial placenta previa in the planned delivery group was significantly higher than that in the emergent delivery group (59.22% vs 32.16%, P = .027). Fewer patients in the planned group had vaginal bleeding compared with those in the emergent group (29 vs 36 cases, P < .001). The percentage of blood transfusion was similar between the 2 groups; however, the transfused units of pack red blood cells were greater in the emergent delivery group (5.3 ± 0.33 vs 4.5 ± 0.25 U, P = .036). When considering the neonatal outcomes, the data demonstrated that the planned delivery group had a significantly higher birth weight and a lower rate of preterm delivery than the emergent group ( P < .001). The mean gestational age at delivery for the emergent group was 35.1 ± 0.27 weeks compared with 38.0 ± 0.10 weeks for the planned group ( P < .001). The increased risk factors for emergent delivery were vaginal bleeding (odds ratio 2.86, 95% confidence interval 1.59–5.26) and preterm delivery (odds ratio 5.26, 95% confidence interval 2.13–14.29). Planned delivery is strongly associated with a lower need for blood transfusion and better neonatal outcomes compared with emergent delivery. Antenatal vaginal bleeding and preterm labor are risk factors for emergent delivery among patients with PAS disorders. Based on the results of this study, we recommend that the management strategies for patients with PAS disorders should be individualized to determine the optimal timing of delivery and to decrease the rate of emergent cesarean delivery.

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